1、考博英语-194 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Reading (总题数：4，分数：20.00)BDirections:/B There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and m
2、ark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Despite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman share certain beliefs. Common to all these writers is their humanistic perspective.
3、 Its basic premises are that humans are the spiritual center of the universe and that in them alone is the clue to nature, history, and ultimately the cosmos itself. Without denying outright the existence either of a deity or of brute matter, this perspective nevertheless rejects them as exclusive p
4、rinciples of interpretation and prefers to explain humans and the world in terms of humanity itself. This preference is expressed most clearly in the transcendentalist principle that the structure of the universe literally duplicates the structure of the individual self. Therefore, all knowledge beg
5、ins with self-knowledge.This common perspective is almost always universalized. Its emphasis is not upon the individual as a particular European or American, but upon the human as universal, freed from the accidents of times, space, birth, and talent. Thus, for Emerson, the “American Scholar“ turns
6、out to be simply “Man Thinking“. While, for Whitman, the “Song of Myself“ merges imperceptibly into a song of all the “children of Adam“ where “every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you“.Also common to all the five writers is the belief that individual virtue and happiness depend upon self-r
7、ealization, which, in turn, depends upon the harmonious reconciliation of two universal psychological tendencies. First, the self-asserting impulse of the individual to withdraw, to remain unique and separate, and to be responsible only to himself or herself. Second, the self-transcending impulse of
8、 the individual to embrace the whole world in the experience of a single moment and to know and become one with that world. These conflicting impulses can be seen in the democratic ethic. Democracy advocates individualism, the preservation of the individuals freedom and self-expression. But the demo
9、cratic self is torn between the duty to self, which is implied by the concept of liberty, and the duty to society, which is implied by the concepts of equality and fraternity.A third assumption common to the five writers is that intuition and imagination offer a surer road to truth than does abstrac
10、t logic or scientific method. It is illustrated by their emphasis upon introspection-their belief that the clue to external nature is to be found in the inner world of individual psychology-and by their interpretation of experience as, in essence, symbolic. Both these stresses presume an organic rel
11、ationship between the self and the cosmos of which only intuition and imagination can properly take account. These writers faith in the imagination and in themselves as practitioners of imagination led them to conceive of the writer as a seer and enabled them to achieve supreme confidence in their o
12、wn moral and metaphysical insights. （分数：5.00）(1).The authors discussion of Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman is primarily concerned with explaining _.（分数：1.00）A.some of their beliefs about the difficulties involved in self-realizationB.some of their beliefs concerning the world and
13、the place that humanity occupies in the universal orderC.some of their beliefs concerning the relationship between humanism and democracyD.the way some of their beliefs are shaped by differences in temperament and literary outlook(2).The author quotes Whitman primarily in order to _.（分数：1.00）A.show
14、that the poet does not agree with EmersonB.indicate the way the poet uses the humanist ideal to praise himselfC.suggest that the poet adapts the basic premises of humanism to his own individual outlook on the worldD.illustrate a way the poet express the relationship of the individual to the humanist
15、ic universe(3).According to the passage, the five writers object to the scientific method primarily because they think it _.（分数：1.00）A.is not the best way to obtain an understanding of the relationship between the individual and the cosmosB.is so specialized that it leads to an understanding of sepa
16、rate parts of the universe but not of the relationships among those partsC.cannot provide an adequate explanation of intuition and imaginationD.prevents people from recognizing the symbolic nature of experience(4).It can be inferred that intuition is important to the five writers primarily because i
17、t provides them with _.（分数：1.00）A.information useful for understanding abstract logic and scientific methodB.the discipline needed in the search for truthC.inspiration for their best writingD.clues to the interpretation of symbolic experience(5).It can be inferred that the idea of “an organic relati
18、onship between the self and the cosmos“ is necessary to the thinking of the five writers because such a relationship _.（分数：1.00）A.enables them to assert the importance of the democratic ethicB.justifies their concept of the freedom of the individualC.sustains their faith in the existence of an indiv
19、idualD.is the foundation of their humanistic view of existenceWith the US economy slowing down, layoffs are everywhere. No industry is spared. If you end up having to start over, in addition to starting your job search, there are several things you should take care of to make your transition a smoot
20、h one.First and foremost, clear up any misunderstanding about how and why you left your last job with your ex-boss. Whether you left voluntarily, were fired or were laid off due to budget cutbacks, make sure you both have the same explanation. Agree on job titles accordingly. Also ask for a referenc
21、e if you think your ex-boss will offer one and you trust that he or she will speak honestly about your performance.You should have a source of emergency cash that you can use in the interim. Dont panic and liquidate your stocks and bonds just yet, be optimistic in your prospects while also be more f
22、rugal than usual. You should save money on not having to dry-clean work clothes so often and eating less take-out lunches. Save money by not eating out at restaurants and watch videos rather than going to the movies every weekend. Make a note of your job hunting expenses, such as career counselors c
23、onsulting fees and resume printing costs, and save the receipts. By next years tax-filing time, you could get deductions on your job-search expense (unless you left a job willingly or was a college graduate looking for your first job).Most companies terminate your medical insurance coverage as soon
24、as you stop working for them. But it doesnt mean you have to forgo medical coverage altogether. There is something called Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) in the United States that legally protects an ex-employees right to stay in the companys health care plan. However, the com
25、pany will stop paying your premiums, and you will have to pay out of your pocket the expenses. This is still a good option compared to no health insurance at all.Another important thing to take care of when you change jobs is your 401 (k) account. A 401 (k) is the retirement fund that most companies
26、 offer. Its named after section 401 (k) in the Internal Revenue Services policy documents. You put aside a percentage of your paycheck each pay period, and the money accumulated will be managed by the 401 (k) fund manager your employer has hired and is invested in the stock market. You cannot withdr
27、aw money from this account until you reach this age, or you will incur penalties. When you leave a job, the money can sometimes be kept with your ex-employer for a while. Its always a good idea to compare your new employers 401 (k) plan with your old one. Every company offers different types of inve
28、stment options, from overseas stocks to hightech stocks and everything in between. If you do want to transfer the account to your new employer, you need to go to the human resources department and ask for forms that help you make the transition.Dont forget to ask for job leads from your ex-coworkers
29、. Even if you are leaving for a job in another industry, you never know what people they happen to know that can help with your job search. Keep in touch with the friends you have made at your old job. Remember to anchor yourself to people, not institutions, and you will find that any transition is
30、made easier.（分数：5.00）(1).According to Paragraph 1, in the United States, _.（分数：1.00）A.most industries stay unaffected by global economic recessionB.each and every company spares no effort to survive the fierce competitionC.“compulsory redundancy“ is going on in every industryD.employees are laid off
31、 because they are not qualified for their jobs(2).The word “interim“ most probably means _.（分数：1.00）A.intervalB.hard timeC.transitional periodD.emergency(3).Whats the point of saving the receipts of job-searching expense?（分数：1.00）A.To get reductions at tax-filing time.B.To keep a record of ones job
32、hunting experience.C.To be aware of ones expenditure and be frugal.D.Because ones ex-boss will reimburse the job-searching expense.(4).COBRA ensures an ex-employee stay in the health care plan _.（分数：1.00）A.as long as the ex-employer continues to pay the premiumB.as long as the ex-employee continues
33、to pay the premiumC.as long as the ex-employee finds a new jobD.as soon as the ex-employee is called back to the company(5).Which statement is true according to this passage?（分数：1.00）A.401 (k) account can be terminated by the employers anytime they want.B.401 (k) account can be withdrawn by the unem
34、ployed staff before their retirement.C.401 (k) fund is invested in international stock market only.D.401 (k) account can be transferred from ones ex-employer to ones new employer.Fried foods have long been frowned upon. Nevertheless, the skillet is about our handiest and most useful piece of kitchen
35、 equipment. Stalwart lumberjacks and others engaged in active labor requiring 4,000 calories per day or more will take approximately one-third of their rations prepared in this fashion. Meat, eggs, and French toast cooked in this way are served in millions of homes daily. Apparently the consumers ar
36、e not beset with more signs of indigestion than afflict those who insist upon broiling, roasting, or boiling. Some years ago one of our most eminent physiologists investigated the digestibility of fried potatoes. He found that the pan variety was more easily broken down for assimilation than when de
37、ep fat was employed. The latter, however, dissolved within the alimentary tract more readily than the boiled type. Furthermore, he learned, by watching the progress of the contents of the stomach by means of the fluoroscope, that fat actually accelerated the rate of digestion. Now all this is quite
38、in contrast with “authority“. Volumes have been written on nutrition, and everywhere the dictum has been accepted-no fried edibles of any sort for children. A few will go so far as to forbid this style of cooking wholly. Now and then an expert will be bold enough to admit that he uses them himself.
39、The absence of discomfort being explained on the ground that he possesses a powerful gastric apparatus. We can of course sizzle perfectly good articles to death so that they will be leathery and tough. But thorough heating, in the presence of shortening, is not the awful crime that it has been label
40、ed. Such dishes stimulate rather than retard contractions of the gall bladder. Thus it is that bile mixes with the nutriment shortly after it leaves the stomach.We dont need to allow our foodstuffs to become oil-soaked, but other than that, there seems to be no basis for the widely heralded prohibit
41、ion against this method. But notions become fixed. The first condemnation probably arose because an “oracle“ suffered from dyspepsia, which he ascribed to some fried item on the menu. The theory spread. Others agreed with him, and after a time the doctrine became incorporated in our textbooks. The b
42、elief is now tradition rather than a proved fact. It should have been refuted long since, as experience has demonstrated its falsity.（分数：5.00）(1).This passage is primarily concerned with _.（分数：1.00）A.why the skillet is a handy piece of kitchen equipmentB.the digestibility of fried foodsC.why fried f
43、oods have long been frowned uponD.methods of preparing foods(2).The main idea of this passage is that _.（分数：1.00）A.contrary to popular opinion, fried foods are more easily assimilated than boiled foodsB.fried foods are more easily digested than boiled foods though authorities believe the opposite to
44、 be trueC.the public should eat more fried foods since they are as easily digested as boiled foodsD.despite the traditional condemnation of fried foods, they are as easily digested as foods cooked in other ways(3).Apparently much fried food is eaten because _.（分数：1.00）A.it is easily preparedB.people
45、 engaged in active labor need the calories that fat suppliesC.it is easily digestedD.people do not read about nutrition(4).The author strongly implies that the public should _.（分数：1.00）A.avoid fried foods if possibleB.prepare some foods by fryingC.fry foods intended for adults but not for childrenD.
46、avoid deep fat frying but otherwise fry selected foods(5).When the author says that an “oracle“ suffered from dyspepsia which he ascribed to some fried item on the menu, he is being _.（分数：1.00）A.bitterB.factualC.humorousD.sarcasticThe sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex. On the m
47、ore intangible side, there was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries; there was an understandable tendency to seek an external scapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most important, there was a virile tradition of eth
48、nocentrism, vented long before against Indian Buddhism, which, since the seventeenth century, focused on Western Christianity. Accordingly, even before the missionary movement really got under may in the mid-nineteenth century, it was already at a disadvantage. After 1860, as missionary activity in
49、the hinterland expanded, it quickly became apparent that in addition to the intangibles, numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded.In part, the very presence of the missionary evoked attack. They were, after all, the first foreigners to leave the treaty ports and venture into the interior, and for a ling time they were virtually the only foreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches of the Chinese empire. For many of the indigenous population, therefore
