1、考博英语-181 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart I Reading (总题数：4，分数：20.00)BDirections:/B There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and
2、 mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.BPassage 1/BOne phase of the business cycle is the expansion phase. This phase is a two-fold one, including recovery and prosperity. During the recovery period there is ever-growing expansion of existing fac
3、ilities, and new facilities for production are created. More businesses are created and older ones expanded. Improvements of various kinds are made. There is an ever increasing optimism about the future of economic growth. Much capital is invested in machinery or “heavy“ industry. More labor is empl
4、oyed. More raw materials are required. As one part of the economy develops, other parts are affected. For example, a great expansion in automobiles results in an expansion of the steel, glass, and rubber industries. Roads are required. Thus the cement and machinery industries are stimulated. Demand
5、for labor and materials results in greater prosperity for workers and suppliers of raw materials, including farmers. This increases purchasing power and the volume of goods bought and sold. Thus prosperity is diffused among the various segments of the population. This prosperity period may continue
6、to rise and rise without an apparent end. However, a time comes when this phase reaches a peak and stops spiraling upwards. This is the end of the expansion phase.（分数：5.00）(1).We may assume that in the next paragraph the writer will discuss _.（分数：1.00）A.cyclical industriesB.the status of the farmerC
7、.the higher cost of livingD.the recession period(2).The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is _.（分数：1.00）A.The Business CycleB.The Recovery StageC.An Expanding SocietyD.The Period of Good Times(3).Prosperity in one industry _.（分数：1.00）A.reflects itself in many other indust
8、riesB.will spiral upwardsC.will affect the steel industryD.will end abruptly(4).Which of the following industries will probably be a good indicator of a period of expansion?（分数：1.00）A.ToysB.Machine toolsC.FoodstuffsD.Cosmetics(5).During the period of prosperity, people regard the future _.（分数：1.00）A
9、.cautiouslyB.in a confident mannerC.opportunelyD.indifferentlyBPassage 2/BYeats was beginning to use a vocabulary freshly minted from the treasury of Gaelic literature, and many of the shorter poems in The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics (1892) deal with a mythology Ireland had well
10、 nigh forgotten and England never known. For Arthur and his Round Table Yeats substituted the very different Conchubar and his Red Branch Warriors, and Finn and his Fenians. The Red Branch cycle of legends included Fergus, whom Ness had tricked out of his kingdom so that her son Conchubar could rule
11、 over Ulster in his stead, and in Fergus and the Druid Yeats makes him avid for dreaming wisdom. Fergus was the unwitting agent of the doom of the Sons of Usna, Naoise the lover of Deirdre and his brothers Ardan and Ainle, who had accompanied the lovers to Scotland when they fled from Conchubars wra
12、th, for Deirdre was Conchubars intended bride. Fergus had persuaded them to return against the wishes of Deirdre and had been tricked out of acting as their safe conduct. He joined with Maeve, Queen of Connaught, after this, in her raid on Ulster, in which Cuehulain achieved his great fame as Ulster
13、s champion. Cuehulain is the Achilles of the Irish Saga, and he appears throughout Yeatss plays and poems, as warrior, as husband of Emer, as lover of Eithne Inguba, and of Aoife, as the unknowing killer of his own son and finally as victim of the sea.（分数：5.00）(1).Yeats differed from other poets in
14、that he used _.（分数：1.00）A.Greek mythologyB.the Arthurian legendC.Gaelic allusionsD.the story of Fergus and Conchubar(2).Fergus _.（分数：1.00）A.was deposed by CuchulainB.was king of UlsterC.had unwittingly slain UsnaD.married the Queen of Connaught(3).Naoise earned the wrath of Conchubar because he _.（分
15、数：1.00）A.had fled to ScotlandB.was the son of UsnaC.loved DeirdreD.had Befriended Fergus(4).Cuchulain is called the “Achilles of the Irish Saga“ because _.（分数：1.00）A.he is the great warrior of the sagaB.like Achilles, he was vulnerable and died of an ankle woundC.Achilles dominated the OdysseyD.he a
16、ppears in many of Yeats plays and poems(5).Ness was _.（分数：1.00）A.the brother of ArdanB.the mother of ConchubarC.the killer of his sonD.a victim of the seaBPassage 3/BThe beginning of what was to become the United States was characterized by inconsistencies in the values and behavior of its populatio
17、n, inconsistencies that were reflected by population, inconsistencies that were reflected by its spokesmen, who took conflicting stances in many areas, but on the subject of race, the conflicts were particularly vivid. The idea that the Caucasian race and European civilization were superior was well
18、 entrenched in the culture of the colonists at the very time that the “egalitarian“ republic was founded. Voluminous historical evidence indicates that, in the mind of the average colonist, the African was a heathen, he was black, and he was different in crucial philosophical ways. As time progresse
19、d, he was also increasingly captive, adding to the conception of deviance. The African, therefore, could be justifiaby (and even philanthropically) treated as property according to the reasoning of slavetraders and slaveholders.Although slaves were treated as objects, bountiful evidence suggests tha
20、t they did not view themselves similarly. There are many published autobiographies of slaves. African- American scholars are beginning to know enough about West African culture to appreciate the existential climate in which the early captives were raised and which therefore could not be totally dest
21、royed by the enslavement experience. This was a climate that defined individuality in collective terms. Individuals were members of a tribe, within which they had prescribed roles determined by the history of their family within the tribe. Individuals were inherently a part of the natural elements o
22、n which they depended, and they were actively related to those tribal members who once lived and to those not yet born.The colonial plantation system which was established and into which Africans were thrust did virtually eliminate tribal affiliations. Individuals were separated from kin. Interrelat
23、ion- ships among kin kept together were often transient because of sales. A new identification with those slaves working and living together in a given place could satisfy what was undoubtedly a natural tendency to be a member of a group. New family units became the most important attachments of ind
24、ividual slaves. Thus, as the system of slavery was gradually institutionalized, West African affiliation tendencies adapted to it.This exceedingly complex dual influence is still reflected in black community life, and the double consciousness of black Americans is the major characteristic of African
25、-American mentality. Du Bois articulated this divided consciousness as follows:The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife-this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self. In this merging, he wishes neither of the older selves
26、to be best.Several black political movements have looked upon this duality as destructively conflictual and have variously urged its reconciliation. Thus, the integrationists and the black nationalists, to be crudely general, have both been concerned with resolving the conflict, but in opposite dire
27、ctions.（分数：5.00）(1).Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?（分数：1.00）A.The History of Black People in the United States.B.West African Tribal Relations.C.The Origin of Modern African-American Consciousness.D.Slavery: A Democratic Anomaly.(2).Which of the following
28、can be inferred about the viewpoint expressed in the second paragraph of the passage?（分数：1.00）A.It is a reinterpretation of slave life based on new research done by African-American scholars.B.It is based entirely on recently published descriptions of slave life written by slaves themselves.C.It is
29、biased and overly sympathetic to the views of white, colonial slaveholders.D.It is highly speculative and supported by little actual historical evidence.(3).The author puts the word “egalitarian“ in quotation marks (in paragraph 1) to _.（分数：1.00）A.emphasize his admiration for the early AmericansB.ri
30、dicule the idea of democracyC.remind the reader of the principles of the new nationD.underscore the fact that equality did not extend to everyone(4).The tone of the passage could best be described as _.（分数：1.00）A.informed and anecdotalB.critical and argumentativeC.impassioned and angryD.analytical a
31、nd objective(5).It can be inferred that which of the following pairs are the two elements of the “dual influence“ mentioned at the beginning of the last paragraph?（分数：1.00）A.Slavery and West African culture.B.Tribal affiliations in West Africa and family affiliations in West Africa.C.A sense of indi
32、viduality and a sense of tribal identification.D.The history of West Africa and modern black political movements.BPassage 4/BIn the summer of 999, Leif Erikson voyaged to Norway and spent the following winter with King Olaf Tryggvason. Substantially the same account is given by both the Saga of Eric
33、 the Red and the Flat Island Book. The latter says nothing about Leifs return voyage to Greenland, but according to the former it was during this return voyage that Leif discovered America. The Flat Island Book, however, tells of another and earlier landfall by Biarni, the son of a prominent man nam
34、ed Heriulf, and makes that the inspiration for the voyage to the new land by Leif. In brief, like Leif, Biarni and his companion sight three countries in succession before reaching Greenland, and to come upon each new land takes 1 “doegr“ more than the last until Biarni comes to land directly in fro
35、nt of his fathers house in the last- mentioned country.This narrative has been rejected by most later writers, and they may be justified. Possibly, Biarni was a companion of Leif when he voyaged from Norway to Greenland via America, or it may he that the entire tale is But a garbled account of that
36、voyage and Biarni another name for Leif. It should be noted, however, that the stories of Leifs visit to King Olaf and Biarnis to that kings predecessor are in the same narrative in the Flat Island Book, so there is less likelihood of duplication than if they were from different sources. Also, Biarn
37、i landed on none of the lands he passed, but Leif apparently landed on one, for he brought back specimens of wheat, vines, and timber. Nor is there any good reason to believe that the first land visited by Biarni was Wineland. The first land was “level and covered with woods“, and “there were small
38、hillocks upon it. Of forests, later writers do not emphasize them particularly in connection with Wineland, though they are often noted incidentally. And of hills, the Saga says of Wineland only that “wherever there was hilly ground, there were vines“.Additionally, if the two narratives were taken f
39、rom the same source we should expect a closer resemblance of Helluland. The Saga says of it: “They found there hellus (large flat stones).“ According to the Biarni narrative, however, “this land was high and mountainous.“ The intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4 “doegr“ in both narratives are suggestive, but
40、 mythic formulas of this kind may be introduced into narratives without altogether destroying their historicity. It is also held against the Biarni narrative that its hero is made to come upon the coast of Greenland exactly in front of his fathers home. But it should be recalled that Heriufsness lay
41、 below two high mountains which served as landmarks for navigators.I would give up Biarni more readily were it not that the story of Leifs voyage contained in the supposedly more reliable Saga is almost as amazing. But Leifs voyage across the entire width of the North Atlantic is said to be “probabl
42、e“ because it is incorporated into the narrative of a preferred authority, while Biarnis is “improbable“ or even “impossible“ because the document containing it has been condemned.（分数：5.00）(1).The authors primary concern is to demonstrate that _.（分数：1.00）A.Leif Erikson did not visit AmericaB.Biarni
43、might have visited America before Leif EriksonC.Biarni did not visit WinelandD.Leif Erikson visited Wineland first(2).The author mentions the two high mountains in order to show that it is _.（分数：1.00）A.reasonable for Biarni to land precisely at iris fathers homeB.possible to sail from Norway to Gree
44、nland without modern navigational equipmentC.likely that Biarni landed on America at least 100 years before Leif EriksonD.probable that Leif Erikson followed the same course as Biarni(3).All of the following are mentioned as similarities between Leif Eriksons voyage and Biarnis voyage EXCEPT _.（分数：1
45、.00）A.both visited NorwayB.both returned to GreenlandC.both visited WinelandD.both visited Helluland(4).It can be inferred that the author regards the historicity of the Biarni narrative as _.（分数：1.00）A.conclusively provedB.almost conclusively provedC.possibly trueD.highly unlikely(5).It can be conc
46、luded that _.（分数：1.00）A.documents in Saga may not be dependableB.condemned records should not be usedC.authorized narratives are to be favoredD.official files should be most preferred二、BPart Vocabula(总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.Although ordinarily skeptical about the purity of Robinsons motives, in this insta
47、nce Jenkins did not consider Robinsons generosity to be _ consideration of personal gain.（分数：0.50）A.lacking inB.contrary toC.alloyed withD.mitigated by2.If animal parents were judged by human standards, the cuckoo would be one of natures more creatures, blithely laying its eggs in the nests of other
48、 birds, and leaving the incubating and nurturing to them.（分数：0.50）A.mettlesomeB.industriousC.domesticD.irresponsible3.Their air of cheerful self-sacrifice and endless complaisance won them undeserved praise, for their seeming gallantry was wholly motivated by a _ wish to avoid confict of any sort.（分
49、数：0.50）A.poignantB.sincereC.laudableD.cowardly4.Her lecture gave us a sense of how empty the universe is, in spite of _ number of stars within it.（分数：0.50）A.varyingB.enormousC.unusualD.limited5.His strange behavior had greatly _ me and my friends as well that evening.（分数：0.50）A.perplexedB.exhaustedC.exclaimedD.exceeded6.The Neoplatonists conception of a deity, in which perfection was measured by abundant fecundity, was con
