1、考博英语-175 及答案解析(总分：120.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Cloze(总题数：3，分数：120.00)Organised volunteering and work experience has long been a vital companion to university degree courses. Usually it is left to 1 to deduce the potential from a list of extracurricular adventures on a graduate“s resume, 2 now the University
2、of Bristol has launched an award to formalize the achievements of students who 3 time to activities outside their courses. Bristol PLuS aims to boost students in an increasingly 4 job market by helping them acquire work and life skills alongside 5 qualifications. “Our students are a pretty active bu
3、nch, but we found that they didn“t 6 appreciate the value of what they did 7 the lecture hall, “says Jeff Goodman, director of careers and employability at the university. “Employers are much more 8 than they used to be. They used to look for 9 and saw it as part of their job to extract the value of
4、 an applicant“s skills. Now they want students to be able to explain why those skills are 10 to the job.“ Students who sign 11 for the award will be expected to complete 50 hours of work experience or 12 work, attend four workshops on employ-ability skills, take part in an intensive skills“ related
5、activity 13 , crucially, write a summary of the skills they have gained. 14 efforts will gain an Outstanding Achievement Award. Those who 15 best on the sports field can take the Sporting PLuS Award which fosters employer-friendly sports accomplishments. The experience does not have to be 16 organis
6、ed. “We“re not just interested in easily identifiable skills,“ says Goodman. “ 17 , one student took the lead in dealing with a difficult landlord and so 18 negotiation skills. We try to make the experience relevant to individual lives.“ Goodman hopes the 19 will enable active students to fill in an
7、y gaps in their experience and encourage their less-active 20 to take up activities outside their academic area of work.（分数：40.00）A.advisorsB.specialistsC.criticsD.employersA.whichB.butC.unlessD.sinceA.divideB.devoteC.deliverD.donateA.harmoniousB.competitiveC.resourcefulD.prosperousA.artisticB.techn
8、icalC.academicD.interactiveA.dominantlyB.earnestlyC.necessarilyD.gracefullyA.outsideB.alongC.overD.throughA.generousB.considerateC.enlighteningD.demandingA.originB.initialC.popularityD.potentialA.relevantB.responsiveC.reluctantD.respectiveA.outB.offC.awayD.upA.casualB.electiveC.domesticD.voluntaryA.
9、orB.thusC.soD.andA.OccasionalB.ExceptionalC.InformativeD.RelativeA.performB.conveyC.circulateD.formulateA.roughlyB.randomlyC.formallyD.fortunatelyA.For instanceB.In essenceC.In contrastD.Of courseA.demonstratedB.determinedC.operatedD.involvedA.deviceB.sectionC.schemeD.distractionA.attendantsB.agents
10、C.membersD.peersThe changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earth“s surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those 21 by models that take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability. To 22 the question of attribution r
11、equires the 23 of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages alone. New studies have focused on 24 maps or patterns of temperature change in 25 and in models. Pattern analysis is the climatologically equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentione
12、d 26 , and makes it possible to achieve more definitive 27 of observed climate changes to a particular cause or causes. The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole 28 cycle. Patterns of cha
13、nge over space and time therefore provide a more powerful 29 technique. The basic idea 30 pattern-based approaches is that different 31 causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to 32 a fingerprint match between the
14、patterns of climate change 33 by models and those actually observed. The most recent assessment of the science suggests that human activities have led to a discernible 34 on global climate and that these activities will have and increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and na
15、tural gas, as well as various agricultural and industrial practices, are 35 the composition of the atmosphere and contributing to climate change, These human activities have led to increased atmospheric 36 of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmo
16、sphere. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the 37 of small particles in the atmosphere. These particles can change the 38 of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the 39 of air and clouds, changing the amount of en
17、ergy that they absorb and reflect. Intensive studies of the climatic effects of these particles began only recently and the overall 40 is uncertain. It is likely that the net effect of these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset the warming of increasing concentrations of gr
18、eenhouse gases.（分数：40.00）A.incensedB.personifyC.interactD.predictedA.arrayB.ascertainC.probeD.perturbA.applicationB.integrationC.avengeD.interveneA.conformingB.comparingC.bidingD.budgetingA.junctionsB.juncturesC.obligationsD.observationsA.optionallyB.ornamentallyC.previouslyD.predicativelyA.attribut
19、ionB.autonomyC.indicationD.inductionA.immuneB.seasonalC.formidableD.perceptibleA.analysisB.disposalC.antigenD.disincentiveA.avengingB.underestimatingC.ascendingD.underlyingA.potentialB.respectableC.secretiveD.sturdyA.wearyB.obtainC.winkD.retardA.orientedB.kennedC.predictedD.lapsedA.modificationB.nom
20、inationC.penetrationD.influenceA.pavingB.alteringC.retreatingD.salutingA.stabilitiesB.popularityC.concentrationsD.hierarchiesA.abundanceB.hemisphereC.fixtureD.distressA.burialB.argumentationC.legislationD.amountA.disposalsB.propertiesC.certaintiesD.blendsA.calculationB.assignmentC.budgetD.effectLike
21、 many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, 41 into a hobby and lately has 42 into a full-time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates 43 Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep 4
22、4 of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they 45 that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and 46 . Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo. During 1994, they 47 yahoo into a customized database designed to 48 the needs of the thousands of users 49 began t
23、o use the service through the closely 50 Internet community. They developed customized software to help them 51 locate, identify and edit material 52 on the Internet. The name Yahoo is 53 to stand for “Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle“, but Filo and Yang insist they selected the 54 because
24、they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo itself first 55 on Yang“s workstation, “akebono“, while the search engine was 56 on Filo“s computer, “Konishiki“. In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files 57 to l
25、arger computers 58 at Netscape. As a result Stanford“s computer network returned to 59 , and both parties benefited. Today, Yahoo 60 . organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.（分数：40.00）A.becameB.grewC.turnD.intendA.madeB.sawC.lookedD.turnedA.inB.onC.aboutD.forA.touc
26、hB.contactC.trackD.recordA.foundedB.foundC.arguedD.reportedA.unwieldyB.toughC.tamableD.invaluableA.exchangedB.shankC.soldD.convertedA.explainB.serveC.discoverD.evaluateA.whichB.thatC.actuallyD.eagerlyA.relativeB.interactiveC.boundD.contactedA.fluentlyB.efficientlyC.exactlyD.actuallyA.transmittedB.pu
27、rchasedC.soldD.storedA.aboutB.boundC.goingD.supposedA.fableB.modelC.nameD.brandA.supportedB.residedC.livedD.launchedA.connectedB.lodgedC.introducedD.linkedA.overB.awayC.insideD.beneathA.housedB.caughtC.hosedD.hiddenA.averageB.normalC.ordinaryD.equalA.attainsB.detainsC.maintainsD.contains考博英语-175 答案解
28、析(总分：120.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Cloze(总题数：3，分数：120.00)Organised volunteering and work experience has long been a vital companion to university degree courses. Usually it is left to 1 to deduce the potential from a list of extracurricular adventures on a graduate“s resume, 2 now the University of Bristol ha
29、s launched an award to formalize the achievements of students who 3 time to activities outside their courses. Bristol PLuS aims to boost students in an increasingly 4 job market by helping them acquire work and life skills alongside 5 qualifications. “Our students are a pretty active bunch, but we f
30、ound that they didn“t 6 appreciate the value of what they did 7 the lecture hall, “says Jeff Goodman, director of careers and employability at the university. “Employers are much more 8 than they used to be. They used to look for 9 and saw it as part of their job to extract the value of an applicant
31、“s skills. Now they want students to be able to explain why those skills are 10 to the job.“ Students who sign 11 for the award will be expected to complete 50 hours of work experience or 12 work, attend four workshops on employ-ability skills, take part in an intensive skills“ related activity 13 ,
32、 crucially, write a summary of the skills they have gained. 14 efforts will gain an Outstanding Achievement Award. Those who 15 best on the sports field can take the Sporting PLuS Award which fosters employer-friendly sports accomplishments. The experience does not have to be 16 organised. “We“re no
33、t just interested in easily identifiable skills,“ says Goodman. “ 17 , one student took the lead in dealing with a difficult landlord and so 18 negotiation skills. We try to make the experience relevant to individual lives.“ Goodman hopes the 19 will enable active students to fill in any gaps in the
34、ir experience and encourage their less-active 20 to take up activities outside their academic area of work.（分数：40.00）A.advisorsB.specialistsC.criticsD.employers 解析：解析 题目要填的是在毕业生找工作时谁对其评估，由此句句意可知，推断毕业生潜力的判断依据是其简历当中的实践活动，所以，只能是“employers”雇主来评估毕业生，因此选择 D。A.whichB.but C.unlessD.since解析：解析 注意到这里有一个转折的关系，
35、句中的“now”与上句中的“usually”，现在和以前通常形成对比转折关系，由此可以看出 B 项“but”符合题意，因此选择 B。A.divideB.devote C.deliverD.donate解析：解析 A 项“divide”意为“分割”，B 项“devote”意为“奉献，投身于”，C 项“deliver”意为“传送”，D 项“donate”意为“捐赠”，考查上下文可知，此处应为“devote sth. to sth.”的固定搭配，即“致力于(做)某事或献身于某事”，因此选择 B。A.harmoniousB.competitive C.resourcefulD.prosperous解析
36、：解析 空处所填形容词应为修饰“job market”的形容词，四个选项中，只有 B 项“competitive”用来形容人才市场比较合适，即意为“激烈竞争的”，因此选择 B。A.artisticB.technicalC.academic D.interactive解析：解析 选择该空要与上文找出对应关系，对比上下文可知，“work and life skills”对应的是“activities”课外活动，那么，注意到上句有“devote time to activities outside their courses”，则与“courses”课程相对应的就是空格所填内容，即“academic
37、”，学术的，因此选择 C。A.dominantlyB.earnestlyC.necessarily D.gracefully解析：解析 此处空格同样属于固定搭配，四个选项中只有 C 项“necessarily”可以构成搭配“not necessarily”，意为“不一定”，因此选择 C。A.outside B.alongC.overD.through解析：解析 由“the lecture hall”及上文内容可以知道，这里指的是学生的课外活动，因此应为“outside the lecture hall”，因此选择 A。A.generousB.considerateC.enlighteningD
38、.demanding 解析：解析 该空要从下文推知，后面说到，“They used toNow they want”，前后对比，说明雇主对学生的需求更深入了，所以“demanding”意为“要求多的”符合题意，故选 D。A.originB.initialC.popularityD.potential 解析：解析 此处要联系上下文，第 1 段中提到了“potential”的说法，而此处与其类似，因为后面说到挖掘应聘者的技能价值是雇主们给自己的工作，所以此处应该说的是推测应聘毕业生的潜力，因此选择D。A.relevant B.responsiveC.reluctantD.respective解析：
39、解析 A 项“relevant”意为“相关的”，B 项“responsive”意为“反应积极的”，C 项“reluctant”意为“勉强的”，D 项“respective”意为“分别的，各自的”，此处之前的主语是“skill”，因此排除 B、C。而“respective”只能用作定语，此处是作表语，因此选择 A。A.outB.offC.awayD.up 解析：解析 四个选项中，能与“sign”构成固定搭配并且符合题意的只有“up”，即“sign up”，意为“参与；签约”，因此选择 D。A.casualB.electiveC.domesticD.voluntary 解析：解析 注意到后文有“w
40、orkshop”、“skills-related activity”，则应该选择与此并列并且类似的，因此应为“voluntary work”志愿的工作，故选 D。A.orB.thusC.soD.and 解析：解析 空格处所填单词要表示上下文的并列关系，而前后都是参与的学生必须完成的任务，所以应该用“and”来表示并列，因此选择 D。A.OccasionalB.Exceptional C.InformativeD.Relative解析：解析 由“杰出成就奖”的说法可知此处应该是一个表示积极正面意义的词，那么观察四个选项的单词可知，只有“exceptional”意为“杰出的，突出的”有此意义，因此
41、选择 D。A.perform B.conveyC.circulateD.formulate解析：解析 A 项“perform”意为“表现”，B 项“convey”意为“运送，传达”，为及物动词，C 项“circulate”意为“流通”，一般主语为物，D 项“formulate”意为“固定”，同样是及物动词，关键一点是空后无宾语，那么只有 A 符合语法和语义，因此选择 A。A.roughlyB.randomlyC.formally D.fortunately解析：解析 空前说到“does not have to be”，即不一定要做什么，由整句话意思可以知道，经验不一定要正式组织的，所以 C 项
42、正确，故选 C。A.For instance B.In essenceC.In contrastD.Of course解析：解析 注意到空格后说的是一个具体的例子，那么此处应为举例，是对“skills”的举例，所以“for instance”“例如”符合题意，故选 A。A.demonstrated B.determinedC.operatedD.involved解析：解析 本题从语法角度分析即可，因为主语是人，宾语是物，所以直接排除 D 项“involve”，又因为“determine”的宾语不宜为“skill”，排除 B，而“operate”主语为人时，宾语一般为具体的人或物，也排除，所以就
43、剩下 A 项符合题意，故选 A。A.deviceB.sectionC.scheme D.distraction解析：解析 此处要选择能够包含“award”之意的选项，因为第一段提到了 Bristol 大学设立“award”，而从词义上来看只有“scheme”符合，意为“计划，方案”，因此选择 C。A.attendantsB.agentsC.membersD.peers 解析：解析 此处应为指代学生的词，因为句意为学生参加课外活动，则只有“peers”能够指代学生，意为“同一类人”，因此选择 D。The changes in globally averaged temperature that
44、have occurred at the Earth“s surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those 21 by models that take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability. To 22 the question of attribution requires the 23 of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the us
45、e of global averages alone. New studies have focused on 24 maps or patterns of temperature change in 25 and in models. Pattern analysis is the climatologically equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentioned 26 , and makes it possible to achieve more definitive 27 of obse
46、rved climate changes to a particular cause or causes. The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole 28 cycle. Patterns of change over space and time therefore provide a more powerful 29 techn
47、ique. The basic idea 30 pattern-based approaches is that different 31 causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to 32 a fingerprint match between the patterns of climate change 33 by models and those actually observe
48、d. The most recent assessment of the science suggests that human activities have led to a discernible 34 on global climate and that these activities will have and increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas, as well as various agricultural and industrial practice
49、s, are 35 the composition of the atmosphere and contributing to climate change, These human activities have led to increased atmospheric 36 of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmosphere. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the 37 of small particles in the atmosphere. These particles can change the 38 of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the 39 of air and clouds, changing the amount of ene
