1、考博英语-174 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Use of E(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became U(1) /U in a variety of aerobic activities, and U(2) /U thousands of health spas U(3) /U around the c
2、ountry to capitalize on this U(4) /U interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed U(5) /U to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their U(6) /U was not on aerobics, U(7) /U on weight-training
3、programs designed to develop muscular mass, U(8) /U, and endurance in their primarily male U(9) /U. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit U(10) /U from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs U(11) /U few, if U(12) /U, health
4、benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly U(13) /U for males and for females. Many U(14) /U programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well. U(15) /U, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measur
5、es of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily U(16) /U such fitness components have been related to U(17) /U in athletics. U(18) /U, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might a
6、lso offer some health U(19) /U as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now U(20) /U that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans.（分数：20.00）A.imposedB.engagedC.confinedD.illustratedA.affluentlyB.eligiblyC.gorgeouslyD.literallyA.enhancedB.manifestedC.developed
7、D.establishedA.emergingB.hoveringC.intriguingD.minglingA.priorB.entitledC.liableD.subjectedA.actionB.focusC.cementD.snapA.orB.or elseC.andD.but ratherA.strengthB.nutritionC.toleranceD.ambitionA.practitionersB.enthusiastsC.refereesD.recipientsA.financiallyB.particularlyC.legitimatelyD.excessivelyA.pr
8、esentedB.offeredC.indicatedD.demonstratedA.somethingB.someC.anythingD.anyA.popularB.vigorousC.intelligibleD.formidableA.currentB.primitiveC.unevenD.incredibleA.practicallyB.EventuallyC.EssentiallyD.HistoricallyA.becauseB.if onlyC.althoughD.now thatA.performanceB.harassmentC.identificationD.portrayal
9、A.MoreoverB.ThereforeC.HoweverD.AnywayA.advantagesB.benefitsC.interestsD.profitsA.recommendsB.reassuresC.speculatesD.mediates二、BPart Reading (总题数：4，分数：20.00)BPassage 1/BGene therapy and gene-based drugs are two ways we could benefit from our growing mastery of genetic science. But there will be othe
10、rs as well. Here is one of the remarkable therapies on the cutting edge of genetic research that could make their way into mainstream medicine in the coming years.While its true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inact
11、ivated, and with good reason: the last thing you want for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so-called stem cells havent begun t
12、o specialize.Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells-brain cells in Alzheimers, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few. If doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they
13、might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue.It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem ceils and get them to grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still cant be controlled, and may have unfore
14、seen limitations; but if efforts to understand and master stem-cell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power.The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin; true cloning, as first shown with the sheep Dolly two years ago, in
15、volves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a full-fledged animal, genetically identical to its parent.For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristi
16、cs like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wilmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming
17、 year.Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells., the potentia
18、l to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a true “miracle cure.“（分数：5.00）(1).The writer holds that the potential to make healthy body tissues will _.（分数：1.00）A.aggravate moral issues of human cloningB.bring great benefits to human beingsC.help scie
19、ntists decode body instructionsD.involve employing surgical instruments(2).The word “rejuvenated“ (Para. 5 ) most probably means _.（分数：1.00）A.modifiedB.re-collectedC.classifiedD.reactivated(3).The research at the University of Wisconsin is mentioned to show _.（分数：1.00）A.the isolation of stem cellsB.
20、the effects of gene therapiesC.the advantages of human cloningD.the limitations of tissue replacements(4).Which of the following is true according to the text?（分数：1.00）A.The principle of gene therapy is applicable to that of cloning.B.The isolation of stem ceils is too difficult to be feasible.C.It
21、is reasonable for all body instructions to be activated.D.Cloned animals will eventually take control of the world.(5).Towards the genetic research, the authors attitude can best be said to be that of _.（分数：1.00）A.frustrationB.indifferenceC.amazementD.oppositionBPassage 2/BWhat our society suffers f
22、rom most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensus cannot be gained from societys present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claim
23、s about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homers epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies.Most societies de
24、rive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissi
25、stic personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In this study of narcissism, Christopher Lash says
26、 that modern man, “tortured by self-consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for“. There is widespread distress because national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of natio
27、nal vision and purpose.Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian societies, our culture is one of the great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory; but this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just
28、because ours is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a myth-a vision about a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans,
29、 as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the indivi
30、dual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolations, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessness-in short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values.（分数：5.00）(1).In the eyes of the author, the greatest trouble with the US society may lie in _.（
31、分数：1.00）A.the non-existence of consensus on the forms the society should takeB.the lack of divergence over the common organizations of social lifeC.the non-acceptance of a society based on individual diversityD.the pervasive distress caused by national morale decline(2).The asocial personality of Am
32、ericans may stem from _.（分数：1.00）A.the absence of a common religion and ancestryB.the multiracial constituents of the US societyC.the want of a shared myths they possess in lifeD.the counterbalance to narcissistic personality(3).Homers epics is mentioned in Paragraph 1 in order to _.（分数：1.00）A.exemp
33、lify the contributions made by ancient poetsB.illustrate the role of shared fantasies about societyC.show an ideal stage of eternal social progressD.make known myths of what a society ought to be(4).The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans _.（分数：1.00）A.to bring about the unifor
34、mity of their cultureB.to regain their consensus about a common experienceC.to stay away from negative feelings in their lifeD.to counteract the effects of consensus about society(5).It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lash is most probably _.（分数：1.00）A.a reform advocateB.a senior p
35、sychologistC.a reputed poetD.a social historianBPassage 3/BThe early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U. S. economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization. Currently, many older experienced workers retire at an early age.
36、 According to the recently issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion o
37、f the population, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed, even part time, would increase U. S. economic outp
38、ut and strengthen the tax base; but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers t
39、o marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.Hudson Institute researchers bel
40、ieve that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the
41、increase in 401(k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock market on Wall Street, and the likelihood of large inheritances, there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.The Hudson Institute advocates reforming government policies
42、 that now discourage work and savings, especially for older workers. Among the report s recommendations. Tax half of all Social Security benefits, regardless of other income; provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65; and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation packages
43、that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However, it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers; any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.（分数：5.0
44、0）(1).According to Hudson Institute researchers, the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers on the U. S. economy is _.（分数：1.00）A.constructiveB.significantC.inconclusiveD.detrimental(2).The older experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service may _.（分
45、数：1.00）A.do harm to younger generationsB.end up with few or no benefitsC.give play to their potentialsD.shed light on social trends(3).The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that _.（分数：1.00）A.there will be an acute labor shortage in the near futureB.baby-boomers contribute much to the US ec
46、onomic outputC.government policies concerning older people are out-datedD.older workers are enthusiastic about collecting social benefits(4).When mentioning “the ongoing stock market on Wall Street“, the writer _.（分数：1.00）A.is calling attention to the privileges to which baby-boomers are entitledB.i
47、s calling for the government to take countermeasures against labor shortageC.is refuting a notion about experienced workers early retirementD.is justifying the ineffectiveness of federal tax and benefit policies(5).Towards the issue, what the writer is most concerned about will be _.（分数：1.00）A.to ad
48、vocate radically reforming government policiesB.to take into account the benefits upon retirementC.to put in practice what Hudson researchers believe inD.to prolong the practicability of older experienced employeesBPassage 4/BThe history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444
49、-1510) suggests gests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticellis work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians def
