1、考博英语-123 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Vocabula(总题数：20，分数：20.00)1.Communicating orally involves more than reading or talking: gesture, posture, movements may all be _ to it.（分数：1.00）A.intrinsicB.coherentC.appealingD.submissive2.But, in our enthusiasm to discover our heritage, we are ruining the
2、 very scenery we go to enjoy, damaging natural habitats, _ down footpaths, disturbing wildlife, polluting the air and dropping litter.（分数：1.00）A.wearingB.treadingC.failingD.cutting3.Pupils often want to sit next to their particular friend and many classroom activities involve moving about, but even
3、relatively small alterations can make _ to the visual comfort of pupils with sight defects.（分数：1.00）A.a differenceB.an interferenceC.a modificationD.an impact4.Any person who is in _ while awaiting trial is considered innocent until he has been declared guilty.（分数：1.00）A.jeopardyB.custodyC.suspicion
4、D.probation5.In no _ should you do this, without help and advice from your doctorrestricting the diet of small children can be very dangerous.（分数：1.00）A.perspectivesB.restrictionsC.circumstancesD.consequences6.Did he really expect her to smile now and _ with his plans, treat all this deception as no
5、 more than an unusual diversion?（分数：1.00）A.fall inB.put offC.agree toD.stand up7.The custom is _ in the belief that a new pregnancythrough its detrimental effect on breastfeedingwould endanger the mothers health.（分数：1.00）A.celebratedB.observedC.viewedD.presented8.Most of them had visited the invalid
6、 often during the past few months, marveling at his _ spirit and his unfailing good temper.（分数：1.00）A.variantB.gallantC.pertinentD.solitary9.The ink has faded with time and so parts of the letter were _.（分数：1.00）A.illegibleB.indelibleC.illegitimateD.inscrutable10.The idea was just beginning to _ in
7、America and we knew that it was going to become the way that retailing companies were run.（分数：1.00）A.show upB.catch onC.open outD.get by11.Individuals may at various points in their lives experience discrimination in the allocation of resources either _ of being too old or too young.（分数：1.00）A.at th
8、e riskB.to the pointC.in the caseD.on the ground12.When a system is unjust to the _, abolition, not reform, is what respect for justice demands.（分数：1.00）A.endB.excessC.coreD.bottom13.Now, dont tell anyone else what Ive just told you. Remember, its _.（分数：1.00）A.controversialB.secretiveC.confidentialD
9、.sacred14.The Freedom of Information Act gives private citizen _ government files.（分数：1.00）A.release fromB.excess ofC.redress ofD.access to15.The oil price rise reactivated the boom in commodity prices and _ inflation, which reached an annual rate of 15 per cent in the spring of 1974.（分数：1.00）A.boos
10、tedB.harnessedC.staggeredD.embarked16.He did not tell his parents because he knew they would try to change his mind but he _ in a colleague at work.（分数：1.00）A.involvedB.joinedC.engrossedD.confided17.The bishop preached a farewell sermon to a _ that filled the church to overflowing.（分数：1.00）A.process
11、ionB.reunionC.rallyD.congregation18.She _ the words, not knowing what to say, how to put into plain speech her decision to finish their love.（分数：1.00）A.passed ontoB.stumbled overC.burst outD.dropped down19.Without Bobs testimony, evidence of bribery is lacking and _ in the case will be impossible.（分
12、数：1.00）A.verdictB.sentenceC.convictionD.acquittal20.The Commission found instances where police officers had lied under oath, _ evidence, neglected black prisoners and wrongly imprisoned Aborigines.（分数：1.00）A.entailedB.fabricatedC.cleansedD.precluded二、BPart Reading (总题数：4，分数：20.00)BDirections:/B The
13、re are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brack
14、ets.BPassage One/BWe are told that the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs program. Panorama. It is true that never in human history were so many people so often
15、and so much exposed to many intimations about societies, forms of life, attitudes other than those which they obtain in their local societies. This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities; width of judgment, a sense of
16、the variety of possible attitudes. Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development. It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in quarry (采石场) and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral. The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and t
17、heir way of showing the stone does not always prompt others to build. For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe fleetingly individually interesting points of difference between them, is sufficient in its
18、elf.Life is indeed full of problems on which we have toor feel we should try tomake decisions, as citizens or as private individuals. But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. The
19、disinclination to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media, is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. It is within the grain of mass communication. The organs of establishment, however well-intentioned they may be and whatev
20、er their form (the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest (既得利益) in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked; and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though th
21、ey go through the motions of dispute and inquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquiries might really hurt. They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliche assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these cliches nor t
22、o make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life. They will stress the “stimulation“ the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation in itself; they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the stat
23、us quo. There are except, ions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.（分数：5.00）(1).According to the passage, the mass media present us with _.（分数：1.00）A.insufficient diversity of informationB.too restricted a view of lifeC.a wide range of facts and opinionsD.a critical assessment of our soc
24、iety(2).What effect is it claimed the mass media can have on our intellectual and imaginative development?（分数：1.00）A.They are likely to frustrate this development.B.They can form a basis for it.C.They can distort our judgment.D.They can stimulate too much mental activity.(3).The author uses the comp
25、arison with building a cathedral to show that _.（分数：1.00）A.worthwhile results do not depend on raw material onlyB.the mediaeval media had different beliefsC.great works of art require good foundationsD.close attention to detail is important(4).How are the mass media said to influence our ability to
26、make decisions?（分数：1.00）A.They disturb us by their prejudices.B.They make us doubt our own judgments.C.They make no contribution in this area.D.They make decisions which appear too complicated.(5).The main weakness of the mass media is identified by the author as _.（分数：1.00）A.fear of losing the cust
27、omerB.the diverse views of the contributorsC.service to the profit motiveD.trying to cater for a vast range of audienceBPassage Two/BIn a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employergovernment or privateshould have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and m
28、en. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of
29、 government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on womens earnings as compared with their earnings from private
30、 employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14.6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other thi
31、ngs being equal.In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis,
32、 Brown selected a large sample of white male and female workers from the 1970 census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of rac
33、ial disparities.) Browns research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the studys results. Browns results suggest that men and women are not treated the came by employers and consumers. For me
34、n, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.One can infer from Browns results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in
35、 getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.Browns results are clearly consistent with Fuchs argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private em
36、ployers. Also, the fact the women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminat
37、ing against women, its discriminating is not having as much effect on womens earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.（分数：5.00）(1).The passage mentions all of the following difficulties that self-employed women may encounter EXCEPT _.（分数：1.00）A.discrimination from consumers and suppliersB
38、.discrimination from financial institutionsC.problems from financial institutionsD.problems in obtaining government assistance(2).Which of the following conclusions would the author be most likely to agree with about discrimination against women by private employers and by government employers?（分数：1
39、.00）A.Both private employers and government employers discriminate with equal effects on womens earnings.B.Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by private employers has a greater effect on womens earnings.C.Both private employers and government employe
40、rs discriminate, but the discrimination by government employers has a greater effect on womens earnings.D.Private employers discriminate: it is possible that government employers discriminate.(3).A study of the practices of financial institutions revealed that no discrimination against self-employed
41、 women would tend to contradict.（分数：1.00）A.some tentative results of Fuchs studyB.some explicit results of Browns studyC.a suggestion made by the authorD.Fuchs hypothesis(4).According to Browns study, womens earnings categories occur in orders, from highest earnings to lowest earnings:（分数：1.00）A.gov
42、ernment employment, self-employment, private employmentB.government employment, private employment, self-employmentC.private employment, self-employment, government employmentD.private employment, government, self-employment(5).Which of the following titles best describes the content of the passage
43、as a whole?（分数：1.00）A.Why Discrimination Against Employed Women by Government Employers and Private Employers Differs from Discrimination Against Self-Employed Women by Consumers?B.How Discrimination Affects Womens Choice of Type of Employment?C.The Relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination
44、 on Mens Earnings as Compared to Womens EarningsD.The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Employers, and Consumers on Womens EarningsBPassage Three/BIt is possible for students to obtain advanced degrees in English while knowing little or nothing about traditional scho
45、larly methods. The consequences of this neglect of traditional scholarship are particularly unfortunate for the study of women writers. If the canonthe list of authors whose works are most widely taughtis ever to include more women, scholars who do not know how to read early manuscripts, locate rare
46、 books, establish a sequence of editions, and so on are lacking in crucial tools for revising the canon.To address such concerns, an experimental, version of the traditional scholarly methods course was designed to raise students consciousness about the usefulness of traditional learning for any mod
47、ern critic or theorist. To minimize the artificial aspects of the conventional course, the usual procedure of assigning a large number of small problems drawn from the entire range of historical periods was abandoned, though this procedure has the obvious advantage of at least superficially familiar
48、izing students with a wide range of reference sources. Instead students were engaged in a collective effort to do original work on a neglected eighteenth-century writer, Elizabeth Griffith, to give them an authentic experience of literary scholarship and to inspire them to take responsibility for th
49、e quality of their own work.Griffiths work presented a number of advantages for this particular pedagogical purpose. First, the body of extant scholarship on Griffith was so tiny that it could all be read in a day, thus students spent little time and effort mastering the literature and, had a clear field for their own discoveries. Griffiths play The Platonic Wife exists in three versions, enough
