1、管理类专业学位联考英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编 2及答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：50.00)Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye“s new book. Mr. Nye, a former dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and
2、 one-time chairman of America“s National Intelligence Council, is best known for promoting the idea of “soft power“, based on persuasion and influences, as a counterpoint to “hard power“, based on coercion(强迫)and force. Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in policies and diplomacy in his
3、previous books, Mr. Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership, in both the political and business spheres. Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that “one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be f
4、eared than loved.“ In short, hard power is preferable to soft power. But modern leadership theories have come to the opposite conclusion. The context of leadership is changing, they observe, and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modern companies and democracies, power is
5、 increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制)are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion, Mr. Nye argues. Instead, he advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead, h
6、is survey of the theory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls “smart power“, is the best approach. The domination theoretical model of leadership at the moment is, apparently, the “transformational leadership pattern“. Anyone allergic(反感)to management term will
7、already be running for the exit, but Mr. Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single, slim volume. He examines different approaches to leadership, the morality of leadership and how the wider context can de
8、termine the effectiveness of a particular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes and examples, both historical and contemporary, political and corporate. Ales, leadership is a slippery subject, and as he depicts various theories, even Mr. Nye never quite nails the jerry to the wall. He is at his most
9、 interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadership - in particular, the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie - and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions. A recurring theme is that as circumstances change, different sorts of leaders are r
10、equired, a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another, and vice versa. Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy answers.（分数：10.00）(1).From the first two paragraph we may learn that Mr. Machiavelli“s idea of hard power is_.（分数：2.00）A.well accepte
11、d by Joseph NyeB.very influential till nowadaysC.based on sound theoriesD.contrary to that of modern leadership theories(2).Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr. Nye?（分数：2.00）A.Coercion is widespread.B.Morality is devalued.C.Power is no longer concentrated.D.T
12、raditional hierarchies are strengthened.(3).In his book The Powers to Lead, Mr. Nye has examined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.authorityB.contextC.approachesD.morality(4).Mr. Nye“s book is particularly valuable in that it_.（分数：2.00）A.makes little use of management termsB
13、.summarizes various studies conciselyC.serves as an exit for leadership researchesD.sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders(5).According to the author, the most interesting part of Mr. Nye“s book lies in his_.（分数：2.00）A.view of changeable leadershipB.definition of good leadershipC.summary of
14、 leadership historyD.discussion of moral leadershipAmericans don“t like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. There are shooting warsthe kind that test patriotism and courageand those are the kind at which the U.S. excels. But other struggles test those qualiti
15、es too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of flagwhen the job is done, they earned it. Now there is a similar challenge. Global warming. The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becomi
16、ng a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. is losing. Indeed, if America is fighting at all, it“s fighting on the wrong side. The U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world“s greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn“t intend to do a whole lot about it
17、. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. i
18、s taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It“s hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a country“s coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy. The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change
19、 is a global emergency, there“s far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its plans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to native wish lists that could weaken American“s growth. But let“s assume that those interested parties and others
20、 will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound ? Halting climate change will be far harder. O
21、ne of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt
22、 the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what“s needed most is will. “I“m not saying the challenge isn“t almost overwhelming,“ says Fred Krupp. “But this is America, and America has risen to these chal
23、lenges before.“（分数：10.00）(1).What does the passage mainly discuss?（分数：2.00）A.Human wars.B.Economic crisis.C.America“s environmental policies.D.Global environment in general.(2).From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country“s coasts and farms, the health of its peo
24、ple and the stability of its economy is_.（分数：2.00）A.of utmost importanceB.a fight no one can winC.beyond people“s imaginationD.a less significant issue(3).Judging from the context, the word “rub“(Line 1, Para.3)probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.frictionB.contradictionC.conflictD.problem(4).What is the auth
25、or“s attitude toward America“s policies on global warming?（分数：2.00）A.Critical.B.Indifferent.C.Supportive.D.Compromising.(5).The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with_.（分数：2.00）A.the new book written by Fred KruppB.how America can fight against global warmingC.th
26、e harmful effects of global warmingD.how America can tide over economic crisisLast weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the clip for increasingly valuable stuff, inclu
27、ding a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim(the house)in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. “My whole motto(座右铭)was “Start small, think big, and have fun“,“ says MacDonald, 26, “
28、I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side.“ Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400, 000 companies worldwide will exchange some $10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter site
29、s. These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of
30、 employee salaries. The Troc-Services exchange in France offers more than 4, 600 services, from math lessons to ironing.This is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrierwhat Bob Meyer, publisher of BarterNews, calls “the double coincidence of wants.“
31、 That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that both desired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency. Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity. For example, advertising is “hugely bartered“ because many media, particularly on the Web,
32、 can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don“t register in industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges. Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to “grade“ trading partners for honesty quality and so on. Barter exchanges can a
33、llow firms in countries with hyperinflation or nontradable currencies to enter global trades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two(QL2)plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38, 000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gac
34、ii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be “liberated from corrupt middlemen.“ For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a recapitalize past.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “techies“(Line 4, Para. 1)probably refers to those who are_.（分数：2.00）A.afraid of technologyB.skilled in technologyC.ignorant of te
35、chnologyD.incompetent in technology(2).Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they_.（分数：2.00）A.were impressed by his creativityB.were eager to identify with his mottoC.liked his goal announced in advanceD.hoped to prove the power of the Internet(3).The Internet barter system relies he
36、avily on_.（分数：2.00）A.the size of barter sitesB.the use of virtual currencyC.the quality of goods or servicesD.the location of trading companies(4).It is implies that Internet advertisements can help_.（分数：2.00）A.companies make more profitB.companies do formal exchangesC.media register in statisticsD.
37、media grade barter sites(5).Which of the following is true of QL2 according to the author?（分数：2.00）A.It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.B.It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.C.It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.D.It is intended to evaluate the p
38、erformance of trading partners.The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jersey“s biggest city has seen it all. Yet the murder of three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the ci
39、ty. A fourth, who survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarker to say they have had enough. Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shootin“, have been
40、flooded with offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get 50, 000 to promise to “stop shootin“, start thinkin“, and keep livin“.“ The Newark Community Foundatio
41、n, which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye, a surveillance(监视)system tailored towards gun crime. Cory Booker who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city, believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and
42、audio network in any American city. More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square-mile area where 80% of the city“s recent shootings have occurred. And more cameras are planned. When a gunshot is detected, the surveillance camera zo
43、oms in on that spot. Similar technology in Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings. Mr. Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week. Mr. Booker, as well as church leaders and others, believes(or hopes)that after the murder the city will no longer stand by in c
44、oldness. For generations, Newark has been paralyzed by poverty almost one in three people lives below the poverty line and growing indifference to crime. Some are skeptical. Steven Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems: over 60% of children are in
45、 homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess. But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr. Booker was elected, there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark; now
46、, a year, the figure is 30%. Mr. Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30%(though the murder rate looks likely to match last year“s high).（分数：10.00）(1).What happened in Newark, New Jersey on August 4th?（分数：2.00）A.The Newark r
47、esidents witnessed a murder.B.Four young people were killed in a school playground.C.The new mayor of Newark took office.D.Four college students fell victim to violence.(2).Judging from the context, the “Community Eye“(Line 6, Para. 2)is_.（分数：2.00）A.a watching system for gun crimeB.a neighborhood pr
48、otection organizationC.an unprofitable community businessD.a grassroots organization(3).We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.violenceB.floodC.povertyD.indifference(4).Mayor Booker“s effort against crime seem to be_.（分数：2.00）A.idealisticB.impractical
49、C.effectiveD.fruitless(5).The best title for the passage may be_.（分数：2.00）A.Stop Shootin“, Start Thinkin“, and Keep Livin“B.Efforts to Fight against Gun CrimesC.A Mission to Revitalize the CityD.Violent Murders in NewarkAccording to a recent survey on money and relationships, 36 percent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner. While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship, in truth it may just be a form of financial protection. With almost half of all marriages end
