1、华中科技大学考博英语 2013 年真题及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 1 an event takes place, newspapers are on the street 2 the details. 3 anything happens in the world, reporte
2、rs are on the spot to gather the news. Newspapers have one basic 4 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to 5 it. Radio, telegraph, television, and 6 inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and ot
3、her means of communication. 7 , this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 8 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are 9 and read than ever before. Competition also led newspa
4、pers to 10 out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today“s newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious 11 . Newspapers influence readers“ economic choices 12 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for
5、their very 13 . Newspapers are sold at a price that 14 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 15 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 16 in selling advertising depends newspaper“s value to advertisers. This 17 in terms of circulation. How many people read t
6、he newspaper? Circulation depends 18 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment 19 in a newspaper“s pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper“s value to readers as a source of information 20 the community, city, county, state, nation and wor
7、ldand even outer space.（分数：10.00）A.Just whenB.WhileC.Soon afterD.BeforeA.to giveB.givingC.givenD.being givenA.WhereverB.WhateverC.HoweverD.WhicheverA.reasonB.causeC.problemD.purposeA.makeB.publishC.knowD.writeA.anotherB.otherC.one anotherD.the otherA.HoweverB.AndC.ThereforeD.SoA.valueB.ratioC.rateD.
8、speedA.spreadB.passedC.printedD.completedA.provokeB.jumpC.stepD.branchA.mattersB.affairsC.thingsD.eventsA.onB.throughC.withD.ofA.formsB.existenceC.contentsD.purposeA.tries to coverB.manages to coverC.fails to coverD.succeeds inA.sourceB.originC.courseD.financeA.wayB.meansC.chanceD.successA.measuresB
9、.measuredC.is measuredD.was measuredA.somewhatB.littleC.muchD.somethingA.offeringB.offeredC.which offeredD.to be offeredA.byB.withC.atD.about二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For years scholars have contrasted slavery in the United States and in Brazil, stimulated by th
10、e fact that racial patterns assumed such different aspects in the two countries after emancipation. Brazil never developed a system of rigid segregation of the sort that replaced slavery in the United States, and its racial system was fluid (a situation that is fluid is likely to change) because its
11、 definition of race was based as much on characteristics such as economic status as on skin color. Until recently, the most persuasive explanation for these differences was that Portuguese institutions especially the Roman Catholic church and Roman civil law, promoted recognition of the slave“s huma
12、nity. The English colonists, on the other hand, constructed their system of slavery out of whole cloth (whole cloth: pure fabrication usually used in the phrase out of whole cloth). There were simply no precedents in English common law, and separation of church and state barred Protestant clergy fro
13、m the role that priests assumed in Brazil. But the assumption that institutions alone could so powerfully affect the history of two raw and malleable frontier a new field for exploitative or developmental activity. Countries seem, on reexamination, untenable. Recent studies focus instead on a partic
14、ular set of contrasting economic circumstances and demographic profiles at significant periods in the histories of the two countries. Persons of mixed race quickly appeared in both countries. In the United States they were considered to be Black, a social definition that was feasible because they we
15、re in the minority. In Brazil, it was not feasible. Though intermarriage was illegal in both countries, the laws were unenforceable in Brazil since Whites formed a small minority in an overwhelmingly Black population. Manumission for persons of mixed race was also easier in Brazil, particularly in t
16、he nineteenth century when in the United States it was hedged about with difficulties. Furthermore, a shortage of skilled workers in Brazil provided persons of mixed race with the opportunity to learn crafts and trades, even before general emancipation, whereas in the United States entry into these
17、occupations was blocked by Whites sufficiently numerous to fill the posts. The consequence was the development in Brazil of a large class of persons of mixed race, proficient in skilled trades and crafts, who stood waiting as a community for freed slaves to join. There should be no illusion that Bra
18、zilian society after emancipation was color-blind. Rather, the large population of persons of mixed race produced a racial system that included a third status, a bridge between the Black caste and the White, which could be traversed by means of economic or intellectual achievement, marriage, or raci
19、al heritage. The strict and sharp line between the races so characteristic of the United States in the years immediately after emancipation was simply absent. With the possible exception of New Orleans, no special “place“ developed in the United States for persons of mixed race. Sad to say, every pr
20、essure of society worked to prevent their attaining anything approximating the economic and social position available to their counterparts in Brazil.（分数：10.00）(1).In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with _.（分数：2.00）A.contrasting the systems of slavery that were established in Brazil a
21、nd in the United StatesB.criticizing the arguments of those scholars who considered religion and law to be the determinants of the systems of slavery in Brazil and in the United StatesC.describing the factors currently thought to be responsible for the differences in the racial patterns that evolved
22、 in Brazil and in the United StatesD.advocating further study of the differences between the racial systems that developed in Brazil and in the United States(2).According to the passage, early scholars explained the differences between the racial systems that developed in the United States and in Br
23、azil as the result of which of the following factors?（分数：2.00）A.InstitutionalB.DemographicC.EconomicD.Geographical(3).In the context in which it is found, the phrase “constructed their system of slavery out of whole cloth“ (paragraph 1, line 8) implies that the system of slavery established by the E
24、nglish settlers was _.（分数：2.00）A.based on fabrications and liesB.tailored to the settlers“ particular circumstancesC.intended to serve the needs of a frontier economyD.developed without direct influence from the settlers“ religion or legal system(4).The author implies that the explanation proposed b
25、y early scholars for the differences between the systems of slavery in the United States and in Brazils _.（分数：2.00）A.stimulating to historians and legal scholarsB.more powerful than more recent explanationsC.persuasive in spite of minor deficienciesD.questionable in light of current scholarly work(5
26、).The author mentions intermarriage, manumission, and the shortage of skilled workers in Brazil primarily in order to establish which of the following?（分数：2.00）A.The environment in which Brazil“s racial system developedB.The influence of different legal and economic conditions in Brazil and the Unit
27、ed States on the life-style of persons of mixed raceC.The origins of Brazil“s large class of free skilled persons of mixed raceD.The differences between treatment of slaves in Brazil and in the United States四、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Medievalists usually distinguish medieval public law from privat
28、e law: the former was concerned with government and military affairs and the latter with the family, social status, and land transactions. Examination on medieval women“s lives shows this distinction to be overly simplistic. Although medieval women were legally excluded from roles that categorized a
29、s public, such as solider, justice, jury member, or professional administrative official, women“s control of landusually considered a private or domestic phenomenonhad important political implications in the feudal system of thirteenth- century England. Since land equaled wealth and wealth equaled p
30、ower, certain women exercised influence by controlling land. Unlike unmarried women who were legally subject to their guardians or married women who had no legal identity separate from their husbands, women who were widows had autonomy with respect to acquiring or disposing of certain property, suin
31、g in court, incurring liability for their own debts, and making wills. Although feudal lands were normally transferred through primogeniture (the eldest son inheriting all), when no sons survived, the surviving daughters inherited equal shares under what was known as partible inheritance. In additio
32、n to controlling any such land inherited from her parents and any bridal dowryproperty a woman brought to the marriage from her own familya widow was entitled to use of one-third of her late husband“s lands. Called “dower“ in England, this grant had greater legal importance under common law than did
33、 the bridal dowry; no marriage was legal unless the groom endowed the bride with this property at the wedding ceremony. In 1215 Magna Carta (The charter of English political and civil liberties granted by King John at Runnymede in June 1215) guaranteed a widow“s fight to claim her dower without payi
34、ng a fine; this document also strengthened widow“s ability to control land by prohibiting forced remarriage. After 1272 women could also benefit from jointure: the groom could agree to hold part or all of his lands jointly with the bride, so that if one spouse died, the other received these lands. S
35、ince many widows had inheritances as well as dowers, widows were frequently the financial heads of the family; even though legal theory assumed the maintenance of the principle of primogeniture, the amount of land the widow controlled could exceed that of her son or of other male heirs. Anyone who h
36、eld feudal land exercised authority over the people attached to the landknights, rental tenants, and peasantsand had to hire estate administrators, oversee accounts, receive rents, protect tenants from outside encroachment, punish tenants for not paying rents, appoint priests to local parishes, and
37、act as guardians of tenants“ children and executors of their wills. Many married women fulfilled these duties as deputies for husbands away at court or at war, but widows could act on their own behalf. Widow“s legal independence is suggested by their frequent appearance in thirteenth-century English
38、 legal records. Moreover, the scope of their sway (3. a: a controlling influence b: sovereign power: DOMINION c: the ability to exercise influence or authority: DOMINANCE; synonyms see POWER.) is indicated by the fact that some controlled not merely single estates, but multiple counties.（分数：10.00）(1
39、).Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The traditional view of medieval women as legally excluded from many public offices fails to consider thirteenth-century women in England who were exempted from such restrictionsB.The economic independence of women i
40、n thirteenth-century England was primarily determined not by their marital status, but by their status as heirs to their parents“ estatesC.The laws and customs of the feudal system in thirteenth-century England enabled some women to exercise a certain amount of power despite their legal exclusion fr
41、om most public rolesD.During the thirteenth century in England, widows gained greater autonomy and legal rights to their property than they had had in previous centuries(2).Which one of the following most accurately expresses the meaning of the world “sway“ as it is used in line 60 of the passage?（分
42、数：2.00）A.VacillationB.DominionC.PredispositionD.Inclination(3).Which one of the following most accurately describes the function of the second paragraph of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Providing examples of specific historical events as support for the conclusion drawn in the third paragraphB.Narrating a
43、sequence of events whose outcomes discussed in the third paragraphC.Explaining how circumstances described in the first paragraph could have occurredD.Describing the effects of an event mentioned in the first paragraph(4).According to information in the passage, a widow in early thirteenth-century E
44、ngland could control more land than did her eldest son if _.（分数：2.00）A.the widow had been granted the customary amount of dower land and the eldest son inherited the rest of the landB.the widow had three daughters in addition to her eldest sonC.the principle of primogeniture had been applied in tran
45、sferring the lands owned by the widow“s late husbandD.the combined amount of land the widow had acquired from her own family and from dower was greater than the amount inherited by her son(5).The primary purpose of the passage is to _.（分数：2.00）A.explain a legal controversy of the past in light of mo
46、dem theoryB.evaluate the economic and legal status of a particular historical groupC.resolve a scholarly debate about legal historyD.trace the historical origins of a modem economic situation五、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Painter Frida Kahlo (1910-1954) often used harrowing images derived from her M
47、exican heritage to express suffering caused by a disabling accident and a stormy marriage. Suggesting much personal and emotional content, her worksmany of them self-portraitshave been exhaustively psychoanalyzed, while their political content has been less studied. Yet Kahlo was an ardent political
48、 activist who in her art sought not only to explore her own roots, but also to champion Mexico“s struggle for an independent political and cultural identity. Kahlo was influenced by Marxism, which appealed to many intellectuals in the 1920s and 1930s, and by Mexican nationalism. Interest in Mexico“s
49、 culture and history had revived in the nineteenth century, and by the early 1900s, Mexican indigenista tendencies ranged from a violently anti-Spanish idealization of Aztec Mexico to an emphasis on contemporary Mexican Indians as the key to authentic Mexican culture. Mexican nationalism, reacting against contemporary United States political intervention in labor disputes as well as against past domination by Spain, identified the Aztecs as the last independent rulers of an indigenous political unit. Kahlo“s form of Mexicanidad, a romantic nationalism that
