1、华中科技大学考博英语 2011 年真题及答案解析(总分：100.02，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Tourism develops culture. It broadens the thinking of the traveler and leads to culture 1 between the hosts and guests from far-off places. This can benefit the locals, since tourists bring culture 2 them. Tourism may help to
2、preserve indigenous customs, 3 traditional shows, parades, celebrations and festivals are put on for tourists. The musicals, plays and serious drama of London theatres and other kinds of nightlife are 4 supported by tourists. Such events might disappear without the stimulus of tourism to 5 them. On
3、the other hand, tourism often contributes to the disappearance of local traditions and folklore. Churches, temples and similar places of worship are 6 as tourist attractions. This can be 7 the expense of their original function: how many believers want to worship in the middle of a flow of atheist i
4、nvaders? Who would want to pray 8 curious onlookers shuffle to and fro with guide books, rather than prayer books, in their hands? Tourism may bring other indirect cultural consequences in its 9 . Tensions which already exist between ancient and more modern ways may be deepened by tourists“ ignoranc
5、e of 10 customs and beliefs. Tourists, if not actually richer, often seem more well-off than natives. The former may therefore feel superior, 11 the latter embarrassed about their lifestyles. The result maybe an inferior feeling which 12 helps the sense of identity which is so important to regional
6、culture. The poverty of a locality can look even worse when 13 with the comfortable hotel environment inhabited by tourists. Prosperous retired or elderly tourists from Britain, where the average life expectancy is 75 years, may well 14 resentment in Sierra Leone, where the local population can expe
7、ct to live to no more than 41 years. The relative prosperity of tourists may 15 crime. In Gambia, unemployed young people offer to act as “professional friends“guides, companions or sexual partners in return for money. When the tourism season is over, they can no longer get wages that way so they 16
8、 to petty stealing from the local populace. All this affects the local social life and culture 17 . Cultural erosion can also take place at more 18 levels. Greek villagers traditionally 19 themselves on their hospitality. They would 20 travelers for free, feeding them and listening to their stories.
9、 To take money would have been a disgrace. That has changed now. Tourists exist to be exploited. Perhaps this is hardly surprising if the earnings from one room rented to a tourist can exceed a teacher“s monthly salary.（分数：10.00）A.conflictB.contactC.concernD.constraintA.withB.toC.overD.byA.like that
10、B.if whenC.as ifD.as whenA.largelyB.extremelyC.positivelyD.totallyA.entertainB.retainC.maintainD.pertainA.consideredB.takenC.treatedD.madeA.forB.atC.inD.toA.howB.thatC.whileD.whenA.sakeB.wakeC.senseD.costA.regionalB.nativeC.territorialD.localA.makingB.allowingC.ignoringD.leavingA.hardlyB.seldomC.usu
11、allyD.sometimesA.comparedB.contrastedC.relatedD.associatedA.generateB.produceC.makeD.leaveA.increaseB.enhanceC.encourageD.ascendA.goB.turnC.alterD.changeA.hostilelyB.reciprocallyC.converselyD.adverselyA.minorB.smallC.subtleD.microA.pridedB.famedC.sangD.claimedA.put onB.put upC.put downD.put off二、Par
12、t Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Globalization is a phenomenon that has been affecting countries and societies for several decades, but the outline of the global system has only emerged with some clarity recently. The rise of global markets and the increase in speed and vol
13、ume of international transactions has brought about a degree of interdependence and co-operation in economic matters among states that has not so far been matched by a corresponding increase in respect for and protection of human rights and democracy. Indeed, many democracies are still fragile, and
14、have not made the transition from viewing democratic practices as instrumental to having a widely shared principled commitment to the democratic and constitutional framework. The rise of global economic networks has led to a rise in the influence of global actors such as multi-national corporations,
15、 global economic bodies such as the WTO, the World Bank, the IMF and regional economic organizations. These constitute a new form of global governance whose directives and imperatives states find increasingly difficult to ignore. The established international political organizations have not come cl
16、ose to replicating this effectiveness. Predictions that the phenomenon of globalization will result in a lowering of human rights standards as the mobility of capital seeks out the markets least constrained by labor and human rights standards to maximize the highest returns need not be the case. The
17、 role of human rights organizations in this context must be to ensure that globalization drives standards up not down, and to present the case that freedom of expression and access to official information are key to sustainable human and economic development and the prevention of corruption, which i
18、n turn support the conditions necessary for sustainable economic growth. With the demand for global trade to go hand in hand with global responsibility international financial institutions are coming under increasing pressure to regulate the global economy not simply to facilitate economic growth, b
19、ut to promote compliance with human development, including international human rights norms. Multinational corporations have also been forced to recognize a degree of corporate social responsibility in the areas in which they operate and in the communities on which they have an impact. Transparency
20、in the operations of such companies is becoming increasingly important to their gaining access to capital. They are more and more accountable to shareholders, who, in turn are increasingly diffuse and numerous. The pursuit of “shareholder value“ means that there is score to ensure that the investorc
21、itizen has a say in the way that companies conduct themselves. The task for those promoting free expression is to harness new technologies to challenge censorship, and to harness the power and influence of new global actors to ensure that they not only take the arguments for free expression on board
22、, but become vocal advocates for such rights.（分数：10.00）(1).All of the following is not true according to the first paragraph except _.（分数：2.00）A.globalization has been developing systematically for several decadesB.protection of human rights hasn“t increased enough to be correspondent with the prese
23、nt situationC.democracy has been fully developed in the worldD.many countries has constructed a democratic and constitutional framework(2).The underlined word “which“ in the third paragraph refers to _.（分数：2.00）A.human rights organizationsB.the prevention of corruptionC.sustainable human and economi
24、c development and the prevention of corruptionD.freedom of expression and access to official information(3).Multinational corporations have not to _.（分数：2.00）A.recognize its social responsibilityB.be responsible to their shareholdersC.be transparent in operationD.be responsible in other communities
25、in the same area(4).Which of the following expressions about the global actors is not true?（分数：2.00）A.They are becoming more and more influentialB.Sometimes they can influence the decision of a countryC.They are not so effective as the international political organizationD.WTO and IMF are included(5
26、).What is not the purpose of writing this passage?（分数：2.00）A.To point out the negative effects of globalizationB.To bridle the power and influence of global actorsC.To call the global actors awareness of human rightsD.To harness new technologies to challenge examination四、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：10.00)P
27、atients tend to feel indignant and insulted of the physician tells them he can find no organic cause for the pain. They tend to interpret the term “psychogenic“ to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent symptoms. They need to be educated about the fact that many forms of pain have no underlyi
28、ng physical cause but are the result, as mentioned earlier, of tension, stress or hostile factors in the general environment. Sometimes a pain may be a manifestation of “conversion hysteria“. Obviously, it is folly for an individual to ignore symptoms that could be a warning of a potentially serious
29、 illness. Some people are so terrified of getting news from a doctor that they allow their malaise to worsen, sometimes past the point of no return. Total neglect is not the answer to hypochondria. The only answer has to be increased education about the way the human body works; so that more people
30、be able to steer an intelligent course between promiscuous pill-popping and irresponsible disregard of genuine symptoms. Of all forms of pain, none is important for the individual to understand than the “threshold“ variety. Almost everyone has a telltale ache that is triggered whenever tension or fa
31、tigue reaches a certain point. It can take the form of a migraine-type headache or a squeezing pain deep in the abdomen or cramps or a pain in the lower back or even in the joints. The individual who has learned how to make the correlation between such threshold pains and their cause doesn“t panic w
32、hen they occur; he or she does something about relieving the stress and tension. Then, if the pain persists despite the absence of apparent cause, the individual will telephone the doctor.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is TRUE?（分数：2.50）A.A pain can only be caused by physical harmB.Some people
33、are complaining of a pain which does not existC.A pain can be caused by psychogenic factorsD.Educated people do not complain of nonexistent pain(2).Some people suffering from a pain do not go to hospital because _.（分数：2.50）A.they are horrified to get the bad newsB.they think no medicine is effective
34、C.they think the pain will disappear as soon as you forget itD.they are too busy(3).According to the passage, the proper way towards a pain is _.（分数：2.50）A.taking different medicinesB.visiting famous physiciansC.paying no attention to itD.none of the above(4).As soon as a person gets “threshold pain
35、s“, he should _.（分数：2.50）A.telephone the doctor immediatelyB.first relieve the stress and tension which cause the painsC.wait to let the pains reach a certain pointD.take pain-killer五、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Feminist critics have long debated the extent to which gender plays a role in the creat
36、ion and interpretation of texts. Androgynist poetics, rooted in mid-Victorian women“s writing, contends that the creative mind is sexless, but from the 1970s on, many feminist critics rejected the idea of the genderless, mind, finding that the imagination cannot evade conscious or unconscious struct
37、ures of gender which is part of culture-determination where separating imagination from the self is impossible. The Female Aesthetic, expressing a unique female consciousness in literature, spoke of the “female vernacular, the Mother Tongue, a powerful but neglected women“s culture.“ Virginia Woolf
38、discusses how a woman writer seeks within herself “the pools, the depths, the dark places where the largest fish slumber,“ inevitably colliding against her own sexuality to confront “something about the body, about the passions.“ Accessible to men and women alike, but representing female sexual morp
39、hology, this method sought a way of writing which literally embodied the female, thereby fighting the subordinating, linear style of classification or distinction. It must be admitted that there are problems with the Female Aesthetic that feminist critics themselves recognized. For instance; they av
40、oided defining exactly what constituted their writing style, as any definition would then categorize it and safely subsume it as a genre under the linear patriarchal structureits very restlessness and ambiguity defied identification as part of its identity. Some feminists and women writers could fee
41、l excluded by the surreality of the Female Aesthetic and its stress on the biological forms of female experience, which also bear close resemblance to essentialism. Men may try their hand at writing woman“s bodies, but according to the feminist critique, only a woman whose very biology gave her an e
42、dge could read these texts successfullya position which, worst of all, risked marginalization of women“s literature and theory. Later, Gynocritics attempted to resolve some of these problems, by agreeing that women“s literature lay as the central concern for feminist criticism but rejecting the conc
43、ept of an essential female identity and style, while simultaneously seeking to revise. Freudian structures by emphasizing a Pre-Oedipal phase wherein the daughter“s bond to her mother inscribes the key factor in gender identity. Matriarchal values dissolve intergenerational conflicts and build upon
44、a female tradition of literature rather than the struggle of Oedipus and Lais at the crossroads. Lastly and most promising in its achievement of a delicate balance are developments of an over-arching gender theory, which considers gender, both male and female, as a social construction built on biolo
45、gical differences. Gender theory proposes to explore ideological inscription and the literary effects of the sex/gender system, opening up the literary theory stage and bringing in questions of masculinity into feminist theory. Taking gender as a fundamental analytic category brings feminist critici
46、sm from the margin to the center, though it risks depoliticizing the study of women.（分数：10.02）(1).Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the passage?（分数：1.67）A.A Historical Overview of Feminist Literary CriticismB.Establishing New Feminist Concepts of GenderC.The Precarious Fem
47、inist Compromise in Politics and ArtD.A New Theory of Literary Criticism(2).The author specifically mentions all of the following issues that have been considered in the evolution of feminist literary criticism EXCEPT _.（分数：1.67）A.the place of women in the literary canonB.the question of culture in
48、determining genderC.the role of Freud in theorizing gender identityD.the effect of biological differences on textual style(3).The author refers to the “largest fish“ (Paragraph 2) primarily in order to _.（分数：1.67）A.suggest a refuge from the long history of sexist literary criticismB.offer a sense of
49、 political purpose that can only be awakened through literatureC.articulate the possibility for escape from the confines of gendered identityD.reference a unique feminist identity that must be extracted somehow from the body(4).According to the passage, the greatest risk posed by the feminist theories, like the Female Aesthetic, which posit the existence of an “ essential“ or non-constructed gender is in _.（分数：1.67）A.creating a dead-end for feminist literary criticism by attacking the notion of an androgynist poeticsB.reinforcing sexist noti
