1、北京理工大学考博英语-4 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：40.00)At the fall 2001 Social Science History Association convention in Chicago, the Crime and Justice network sponsored a forum on the history of gun ownership, gun use, and gun violence in the United States. Our purpose was to c
2、onsider how social science history might contribute to the public debate over gun control and gun rights. To date, we have had little impact on that debate. It has been dominated by mainstream social scientists and historians, especially scholars such as Gary Kleck, John Lott, and Michael Bellesiles
3、, whose work, despite profound flaws, is politically congenial to either opponents or proponents of gun control. Kleck and Mark Gertz, for instance, argue on the basis of their widely cited survey that gun owners prevent numerous crimes each year in the United States by using firearms to defend them
4、selves and their property. If their survey respondents are to be believed, American gun owners shot 100, 000 criminals in 1994 in self-defense a preposterous number. Lott claims on the basis of his statistical analysis of recent crime rates that laws allowing private individuals to carry concealed f
5、irearms deter murders, rapes, and robberies, because criminals are afraid to attack potentially armed victims. However, he biases his results by confining his analysis to the year between 1977 and 1992, when violent crime rates had peaked and varied little from year to year. He reports only regressi
6、on models that support his thesis and neglects to mention that each of those models find a positive relationship between violent crime and real income, and an inverse relationship between violent crime and unemployment.Contrary to Kleck and Lott, Bellesiles insists that guns and Americas “gun cultur
7、e“ are responsible for Americas high rates of murder. In Bellevilles opinion, relatively few Americans owned guns before the 1850s or know how to use, maintain, or repair them. As a result, he says, guns contributed little to the homicide rate, especially among white, which was low everywhere, even
8、in the South and on the frontier, where historians once assume guns and murder went hand in hand. According to Bellesiles, these patterns changed dramatically after the Mexican War and especially after the Civil War, when gun ownership became widespread and cultural changes encouraged the use of han
9、dguns to command respect and resolve personal and political disputes. The result was an unprecedented wave of gun-related homicides that never truly abated. To this day, the United States has the highest homicide rate of any industrial democracy. Bellevilles low estimates of gun ownership in early A
10、merica conflict, however, with those of every historian who has previously studied the subject and have thus far proven irreproducible. Every homicide statistic he presents is either misleading or wrong.Given the influence of Kleck, kott, Bellesiles and other partisan scholars on the debate over gun
11、 control and gun rights, we felt a need to pull together what social science historians have learned to date about the history of gun ownership and gun violence in America, and to consider what research methods and projects might increase our knowledge in the near future.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of follo
12、wing statements is true about the public debate over gun network?A. It has little influence on the forum sponsored by the Crime and Justice network.B. Neither supporters nor opponents of gun control cite the works of scholars.C. The works of mainstream social scientists have great impact on it.D. Ma
13、ny social science historians have so far failed to take part in it.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author mentions Kleck, kott, and Bellesiles mainly to _.A. illustrate the influence they have on the issue of gun controlB. refute the claim that private ownership of firearms will deter violent crimesC. supp
14、ort the thesis that gun ownership leads to more violenceD. demonstrate why research methods should be improved in the study of the gun ownership history（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The authors main criticism of John kott is that he _.A. advocates private ownership of firearms B. is not objective in his anal
15、ysisC. has analyzed a wrong period D. has cited dubious statistics（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).With which of the following will Bellesiles most probably agree?A. Gun control should be tightened.B. Guns have little to do with murder.C. “Gun culture“ was the result of high homicide rates in America.D. The sta
16、tistics that earlier historians produced of gun ownership is reliable.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The passage is primarily concerned with _.A. resolving a public dispute over gun controlB. describing the effects of earlier studies on gun controlC. analyzing the flaws in the previous theories about gun cont
17、rolD. summarizing the recent development in the studies of gun control（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Fear and its companion pain are two of the most useful things that men and animals possess, if they are properly used. If fire did not hurt when it burnt, children would play it until their hands were burnt away.
18、Similarly, if pain existed but fear did not, a child would burn itself again and again, because fear would not warn it to keep away from the fire that had burn it before. A really fearless soldier-and some do exist-is not a good soldier because he is soon killed; and a dead soldier is of no use to h
19、is army. Fear and pain are therefore two guards without which men and animals might soon die out.In our first sentence we suggested that fear ought to be properly used. if, for example, you never go out of your house because of the danger of being knocked down and killed in the street by a car, you
20、are letting fear rule you too much. Even in your house you are not absolutely safe: an airplane may crash on your house, or ants may eat away some of the beams in your roof so that the latter falls on you, or you may get cancer!The important thing is not to let fear rule you, but instead to use fear
21、 as your servant and guide. Fear will warn you of dangers; then you have to decide what action to take. In many cases, you can take quick and successful action to avoid the danger. For example, you see a car coming straight towards you; fear warns you, you jump out of the way, and all is well.In som
22、e cases, however, you decide that there is nothing that you can do to avoid the danger. For example, you cannot prevent an airplane crashing onto your house. In this case, fear has given you its warning; you have examined it and decided on your course, of action, so fear of this particular danger is
23、 no longer of any use to you, and you have to try to overcome it.（分数：10.00）(1).Children would play with fire until their hands were burnt away if _.A. they were given no warning beforehand B. they had never burnt themselvesC. they had no sense of pain D. they were fearful of the fare（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D
24、.(2).A really fearless soldier _.A. is of little use to the army B. is without equalC. is nothing but a dead soldier D. easily gets killed in a battle（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Fear should be used properly because _.A. an airplane may crash on your house B. you may get cancerC. fear can only be used as a
25、servant and guide D. men are now letting fear rule them too much（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).People sometimes succeed in timely avoiding danger because _.A. they have gained experienceB. they jump out of the way in timeC. they are calm in face of dangerD. they are warned of the danger and can take quick act
26、ion（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Implied but not stated: _.A. Fear is always something helpful. B. Too much fear is harmful.C. Fear ought to be used as a servant and guide. D. Fear is something unprofitable.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Thirty-one million Americans are over 60 years of age, and twenty-nine million of the
27、m are healthy, busy, productive citizens. By the year 2030, one in every five people in the United States will be over 60. People are members of the fastest-growing minority in this country. Many call this the “graying of America“.In D73, a group called the “Gray Panthers“ was organized. This group
28、is made up of young and old citizens. They are trying to deal with the special problems of growing old in America. The Gray Panthers know that many elderly people have health problems; some cannot walk well, others cannot see or hear well. Some have financial problems; prices are going up so fast th
29、at the elderly cant afford the food, clothing, and housing they need. Some old people are afraid and have safety problems. Others have emotional problems. Many elderly are lonely because of the death of a husband or a wife. The Gray Panthers know another fact, too. Elderly people want to be as indep
30、endent as possible. So, the Gray Panthers are looking for ways to solve the special problems of the elderly.The president of the Gray Panthers is Maggie Kuhn, an active woman in her late 70s. She travels across the United States, educating both young and old about the concerns of elders. One of the
31、problems she talks about is where and how elders live. She says that Americans do not encourage elders to live with younger people. As far as Maggie Kuhn is concerned, only elders who need constant medical care should be in nursing homes.Maggie Kuhn knows that elders need education, too. She spends
32、lots of time talking to groups of older Americans. She encourages them to continue to live in their own houses if it is possible. She also tells them that it is important to live with younger people and to have children around them. This helps elders to stay young at heart.（分数：10.00）(1).What health
33、problems do many elderly have?A. They feel lonely. B. They are suffering from cancer.C. They cannot walk or see or hear well. D. They have got heart problems.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Nursing homes _.A. are good for elders who need constant medical careB. help keep elders youngC. are set up for training
34、nursesD. are places where small children are taken care of（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Maggie Kuhn travels across the United States in order to _ elders.A. collect money for B. show concerns forC. find houses for D. educate people to help（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).One of the problems Maggie Kuhn talks about is _.
35、A. why elders should be taken care of B. where and how elders liveC. who needs medical care D. how to improve education in the USA（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Maggie Kuhn encourages elders to _.A. live in nursing homes B. travel moreC. live with younger people D. do some house work（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.How men f
36、irst learnt to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sound to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed
37、 upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken or written in letters, we call words.The power of words, then, lies in their associations-the things they bring up before our minds. Words become fill
38、ed with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases.Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also ex
39、press these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and emotions. This charming use of words is what we call literary style. Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can move me
40、n to tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and dull.（分数：10.00）(1).The origin of language is _.A. a legend handed down from the past B. a matter that is hidden secretlyC. a question difficult to answer D. a problem n
41、ot vet solved（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).One of the reasons why men invented certain sounds to express thoughts and actions was that _.A. they could agree upon certain signs B. they could write them downC. they could communicate with each other D. they could combine them（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What is true ab
42、out the words?A. They are used to express feelings only. B. They can not be written down.C. They are simply sounds. D. They are mysterious.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In expressing their thoughts, great writers are able _.A. to confuse the readers B. to move men to tearsC. to move our actions D. to puzzle
43、our feelings（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following statements about the real poet is NOT true.?A. He is no more a master of words than an ordinary person.B. He can convey his ideas in words which sing like music.C. He can move men to tears.D. His style is always charming.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.二、PART
44、 Translation(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section A: Translate(总题数：4，分数：32.00)1.The recovery of the US economy during the first quarter of this year has been so spectacular that it is creating a new set of risks for financial markets. The great new risks now facing the US economy center on monetary policy and th
45、e oil market.（分数：8.00）_2.The current federal funds interest rate of only 1.75 percent has clearly become unsustainable in view of the economys resilience. The Federal Reserve will raise interest rates by at least 0.25 percentage points during the second quarter and could increase short-term interest
46、 rates to at least 3 percent before the autumn-the level they were at before September 11.（分数：8.00）_3.Such tightening would probably cause refinancing to slump to about $ 300 billion at annual rates late this year, which would eliminate capital gains as a prop for consumer spending. Rising interest
47、rates could also clamp the rally likely to occur in the equity market as corporate profits recover. If investment spending fails to revive, the economy s annual growth rate could slide back to the 2 3 percent.（分数：8.00）_4.The oil price is also a big risk, mainly because the Bush administration appear
48、s determined to attack Iraq. The probability of war could easily push the oil price back into the $ 35 $ 40 a barrel range for at least a few months. In effect, that would impose a big new tax on consumer spending and corporate profits. The prospect of monetary tightening and a sharp increase in the oil price suggests that late 2002 and early 2003 could be a period of great volatility for the US economy.（分数：8.00）_四、Section B :Translate(总题数：1，分数：8.
