1、北京大学考博英语-11 及答案解析(总分：66.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：19.00)1.Mary and John took a long time in saying good night in order to postpone the _ of parting.（分数：1.00）A.jealousyB.reliefC.anguishD.appreciation2.Most of them had visited the invalid often during the past few months, marveling at
2、his _ spirit and his unfailing good temper.（分数：1.00）A.variantB.gallantC.pertinentD.solitary3.The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans, _, is money.（分数：1.00）A.as is it across the countryB.as it is across the countryC.as it were across the countryD.as were it across the country4.Australia is st
3、ruggling to cope with the consequences of a devastating drought. As the world warms up, other countries should pay_（分数：1.00）A.heelB.healC.heedD.head5.As it turned out to be a small house party, we_so formally.（分数：1.00）A.need not have dressed upB.must not have dressed upC.did not need to dress upD.mu
4、st not dress up6.A considerable amount of time and money has been invested in _ this system.（分数：0.50）A.definingB.implyingC.reducingD.perfecting7.A_, he was probably one of the most realistic writers of his day.（分数：1.00）A.self-confessing romanticB.self-confessed romanceC.self-confessing romanceD.self
5、-confessed romantic8.Hip replacement surgery is_joint replacement surgery in the U.S（分数：1.00）A.the single most frequentB.the most single frequentC.the single frequentD.a single frequent9.Not until the 1980“s _ in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildings from destruction.（分数：1.00）A.s
6、ome concerned citizensB.some concerning citizensC.did some concerning citizensD.did some concerned citizens10.Going through a tricky divorce would be enough to put anyone off marriage for life. But a new study shows that men are much more likely to _ a stressful and complicated break-up than women.（
7、分数：1.00）A.get onB.get offC.get overD.get in11.He gave his work to his friend to _ , because he found it hard to see his own mistakes.（分数：0.50）A.adjustB.compileC.reviseD.verify12.Many Fine Art graduates take_professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as a
8、rtists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty.（分数：1.00）A.downB.upC.outD.in13.Professional archivists and librarians have the resources to duplicate materials in other formats and the expertise to retrieve materials trapped in _ computers.（分数：1.00）A.
9、abstractB.obsoleteC.obstinateD.obese14.Crew chiefs supervised engines, switches and lights that told them how each item of equipment was functioning.（分数：1.00）A.observedB.preservedC.monitoredD.nurtured15.What _ about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitude cool enough, pr
10、ofessional enough and, therefore, cruel enough when facing that disaster-stricken family.（分数：1.00）A.worked me outB.knocked me outC.brought me upD.put me forward16.Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventuall_（分数：1.00）A.generate new seedsB.new seeds generatedC.generate
11、s new seedsD.new seeds are generated17.With its anti-terrorism campaign taking _ over anything else, the government is extending its job and running in more affairs.（分数：1.00）A.superiorityB.priorityC.majorityD.polarity18.“Gangnam Style“, the _ popular song from South Korean recording artist PSY has j
12、ust become the most watched video on YouTube ever.（分数：1.00）A.sanelyB.insanelyC.rationallyD.insatiably19.The school shooting triggered a barrage of transparently irrelevant proposed solutions, tossed out without regard to their relevance to the events that supposedly_the proposals.（分数：1.00）A.occasion
13、edB.concernedC.illuminatedD.ensued20.The market for dust masks and air purifiers is _ in Beijing because the capital has been shrouded for several days in thick fog and haze.（分数：1.00）A.boomingB.loomingC.doomingD.zooming二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：17.50)waking Up from the American Dream There has b
14、een much talk recently about the phenomenon of “Wal-Martization“ of America, which refers to the attempt of America“s giant Wal-Mart chain store company to keep its cost at rock-bottom levels. For years, many American companies have embraced Wal-Mart-like stratagems to control labor costs, such as h
15、iring temps (temporary workers) and part-timers, fighting unions, dismantling internal career ladders and outsourcing to lower paying contractors at home and abroad. While these tactics have the admirable outcome of holding down consumer prices, they“re costly in other ways. More than a quarter of t
16、he labor force, about 34 million workers, is trapped in low-wage, often dead-end jobs. Many middle-income and highs killed employees face fewer opportunities, too, as companies shift work to subcontractors and temps agencies and move white-collar jobs to China and India. The result has been an erosi
17、on of one of America“s most cherished value: giving its people the ability to move up the economic ladder over their lifetimes. Historically, most Americans, even lows killed ones, were able to find poorly paid janitorial or factory jobs, then gradually climbed into the middle class as they gained e
18、xperience and moved up the wage curve. But the number of workers progressing upward began to slip in 1970s. Upward mobility diminished even more in the 1980s as globalization and technology slammed blue-collar wages. Restoring American mobility is less a question of knowing what to do than of making
19、 it happen. Experts have decried schools“ inadequacy for years, but fixing them is a long, arduous struggle. Similarly, there have been plenty of warnings about declining college access, but finding funds was difficult even in eras of large surpluses.（分数：6.00）(1).The American dream in this passage m
20、ainly refers to _.（分数：2.00）A.there are always possibilities offered to people to develop themselves in the societyB.Americans can always move up the pay ladderC.American young people can have access to college, even they are poorD.the labor force is not trapped in low-wage and dead-end jobs(2).Wal-M
21、art strategy, according to this passage, is to _.（分数：2.00）A.hire temps and part-timers to reduce its costB.outsource its contracts to lower price agencies at home and abroadC.hold down its consumer price by controlling its labor costsD.dismantle the career ladder and stop people“s mobility upward(3)
22、.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?（分数：2.00）A.Wal-Martization has been successful in keeping costs at rock-bottom levelsB.Upward mobility for low-skilled workers has become impossible in the UC.More business opportunities are given to low-cost agencies in China and IndiaD.Although people
23、 know how to restore American mobility, it“s difficult to change the present situationWhy does storytelling endure across time and cultures? Perhaps the answer lies in our evolutionary roots. A study of the way that people respond to Victorian literature hints that novels act as a social glue, reinf
24、orcing the types of behaviour that benefit society. Literature “could continually condition society so that we fight against base impulses and work in a cooperative way“, says Jonathan Gottschall of Washington and Jefferson College, Pennsylvania. He and co-author Joseph Carroll at the University of
25、Missouri, St. Louis, study how Darwin“s theories of evolution apply to literature. Along with John Johnson, an evolutionary psychologist at Pennsylvania State University in DuBois, the researchers asked 500 people to fill in a questionnaire about 200 classic Victorian novels. The respondents were as
26、ked to define characters as protagonists or antagonists and then to describe their personality and motives, such as whether they were conscientious or power hungry. The team found that the characters fell into groups that mirrored the egalitarian dynamics of a society in which individual dominance i
27、s suppressed for the greater good (Evolutionary Psychology. vol 4, p 716). Protagonists, such as Elizabeth Bennett in Jane Austen“s Pride and Prejudice, for example, scored highly on conscientiousness and nurturing, while antagonists like Bram Stoker“s Count Dracula scored highly on status-seeking a
28、nd social dominance. In the novels, dominant behaviour is “powerfully stigmatized“, says Gottschall “Bad guys and girls are just dominance machines; they are obsessed with getting ahead, they rarely have pro-social behaviours.“ While few in today“s world live in hunter-gatherer societies, “the polit
29、ical dynamic at work in these novels, the basic opposition between communitarianism and dominance behaviour, is a universal theme“, says Carroll. Christopher Boehm, a cultural anthropologist whose work Carroll acknowledges was an important influence on the study, agrees. “Modem democracies, with the
30、ir formal checks and balances, are carrying forward an egalitarian ideal“. A few characters were judged to be both good and bad, such as Heathcliff in Emily Bronte“s Wuthering Heights or Austen“s Mr.Darcy. “They reveal the pressure being exercised on maintaining the total social order,“ says Carroll
31、. Boehm and Carroll believe novels have the same effect as the cautionary tales told in older societies. “Novels have a function that continues to contribute to the quality and structure of group life,“ says Boehm. “Maybe storytelling-from TV to folk tales- actually serves some specific evolutionary
32、 adaptation,“ says Gottschall. They“re not just products of evolutionary adaptation.（分数：4.00）(1).According to the study mentioned in the passage, which one of the following best defines the function of literature in human society?（分数：1.00）A.It helps with the evolutionary progressB.It helps advocate
33、people“s base impulse and conscientiousnessC.It reinforces the types of behavior the benefit a cooperative societyD.It suppresses base impulses and sets regulations for society(2).What were the respondents in the research asked to do ?（分数：1.00）A.To identify protagonists and antagonists in some novel
34、s and describe themB.To group characters in novels who mirror the egalitarian dynamic of a societyC.To give scores to literary character in regard to social dominanceD.To tell the bad guys from the good ones in some novels(3).What is said about the bad guys and girls in novels?（分数：1.00）A.They are pr
35、otagonists that are powerfully stigmatizedB.They are always afraid of getting ahead of othersC.They rarely have behaviors that protect the societyD.They always seek dominant status in society(4).In the political dynamic of literature, to what is dominant behavior set opposed ?（分数：1.00）A.The universa
36、l theme of powerB.The egalitarian idealC.Modern democraciesD.Formal checks and balances of a traditional societyThe early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the US economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization. Currently, many
37、 older experienced workers retire at an early age. According to the recently issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century. Ol
38、der Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population, according to the US Census Bureau, and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed, ev
39、en part time, would increase US economic output and strengthen the tax base; but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely. Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax pe
40、nalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increase
41、s in benefits. Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not
42、saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401 (k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock market on Wall Street, and the likelihood of large inheritances, there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations. The Hudson
43、institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings, especially for older worker. Among the report“s recommendations: Tax half of all Social Security benefits. regardless of other income; provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65; and permit workers nearin
44、g retirement to negotiate compensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However, it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers; any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the ser
45、viceability of older experienced workers.（分数：0.00）(1).According to Hudson Institute researchers, the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers in the U. S. economy is _A.constructiveB.significantC.inconclusiveD.detrimental(2).The older experienced workers in America tend to retire early be
46、cause their prolonged service may _A.do harm to younger generationsB.end up with few or no benefitsC.give play to their potentialsD.shed light on social trends(3).The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that _A.there will be an acute labor shortage in the near futureB.baby-boomers contribute
47、 much to the US economic outputC.government policies concerning older people are out-datedD.alder workers are enthusiastic about collecting social benefitsToday, a high-level finance manager is just as likely to be a casual-looking 21-year-old as a balding executive. They have all either started the
48、ir own companies or head a division within an existing firm. Most are under 30. Many of them share a tendency to think, speak and act fast. A detailed psychological study carried out recently on young business start-uppers aged over 25 revealed some common characteristics. The head psychologist at t
49、he University of Northumbria, Dr. Martyn Dyer-Smith, says “We found that they are opportunists. They have that entrepreneurial ability to take whatever is in front of them and turn it to their advantage. Any fool can make US $ 2 if they are in the right place at the right time, what is much harder is to actually plan their business. Originally I had a hypothesis that they planned a long time ahead, but I was wrong. What came across was a surprisingly short planning time.
