1、会计硕士专业学位联考英语(二)-26 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use Englis(总题数：1，分数：10.00)While western governments worry over the threat of Ebola, a more pervasive but far less harmful 1 is spreading through their populations like a winter sniffle: mobile personal technology. The similarity between disease
2、 organisms and personal devices is 2 . Viruses and other parasites control larger organisms, 3 resources in order to multiply and spread. Smartphones and other gadgets do the same thing, 4 ever-increasing amounts of human attention and electricity supplied 5 wire umbilici. It is tempting to 6 a “str
3、ategy“ to both phages and phablets, neither of which is sentient. 7 , the process is evolutionary, consisting of many random evolutions, 8 experimented with by many product designers. This makes it all the more powerful. Tech 9 occurs through actively-learnt responses, or “operant conditioning“ as a
4、nimal behaviourists call it. The scientific parallel here also involves a rodent, typically a rat, which occupies a 10 cage called a Skinner Box. The animal is 11 with a food pellet for solving puzzles and punished with an electric shock when it fails. “Are we getting a positive boost of hormones wh
5、en we 12 look at our phone, seeking rewards?“ asks David Shuker, an animal behaviourist at St Andrews university, sounding a little like a man withholding serious scientific endorsement 13 an idea that a journalist had in the shower. Research is needed, he says. Tech tycoons would meanwhile 14 that
6、the popularity &mobile devices is attributed to the brilliance of their designs. This is precisely what people whose thought processes have been 15 by an invasive pseudo-organism would believe. 16 , mobile technology causes symptoms less severe than physiological diseases. There are even benefits to
7、 17 sufferers for shortened attention spans and the caffeine overload triggered by visits to Starbucks for the free Wi-Fi. Most importantly, you can 18 the Financial Times in places as remote as Alaska or Sidcup. In this 19 , a mobile device is closer to a symbiotic organism than a parasite. This wo
8、uld make it 20 to an intestinal bacterium that helps a person to stay alive, rather than a virus that may kill you.（分数：10.00）A.phenomenonB.epidemicC.issueD.eventA.strikingB.obscureC.interestingD.mysteriousA.relyingB.choosingC.grabbingD.usingA.taking overB.feeding onC.catching upD.allowing forA.withB
9、.overC.toD.viaA.pointB.turnC.attributeD.preferA.InsteadB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.OtherwiseA.whichB.asC.thatD.whereA.progressB.termC.crisisD.addictionA.dangerousB.specialC.largeD.funnyA.rewardedB.resistedC.resumedD.reversedA.anxiouslyB.occasionallyC.happilyD.endlesslyA.withinB.fromC.aboutD.throughA.supp
10、ortB.approveC.argueD.insistA.formedB.seperatedC.classifiedD.modifiedA.SurprisinglyB.ImportantlyC.FortunatelyD.RegrettablyA.compensateB.helpC.comfortD.improveA.shareB.obtainC.subscribeD.observeA.partB.senseC.levelD.wayA.adaptiveB.carefulC.similarD.captive二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题
11、数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Rarely have the Christmas results for Britain“s supermarkets been awaited with such anxiety. Most of them, especially the market leader, Tesco, struggled in 2014. The hard-discount stores, Aldi and Lidl, continued to undercut them, gobbling up market share, while
12、falling food prices ate into their profits. Asda“s boss, Andrew Clarke, has warned of more challenging times ahead. Yet the lesson from these results is clear. Grocers with a clearly defined position in the market will continue to prosper, but for those without one there is more pain to come. Thus W
13、aitrose, for instance, has remained resolutely and distinctly posh. It has refused to chase the upstart discounters by reducing prices, as mid-market rivals have done. Natalie Berg of Planet Retail, a research organization argues that the key to survival in a ferociously competitive groceries market
14、 is to offer the customer a brand that is “clear, targeted and consistent.“ Waitrose, at the top end of the market, does this welt, as do Lidl and Aldi at the bottom. The rest are stranded in the middle, trying to be all things to all people. This week, for instance, Asda, Sainsbury“s and Tesco anno
15、unced further price cuts. That might fend off the discounters for a bit. It will also muddy perceptions of who their target customers really are. But it is not all gloom for the supermarkets. A more clement economic environment should help all of them. Tumbling fuel prices anda novelty, thisrising r
16、eal wages will put more money in shoppers“ pockets. The results also demonstrate that supermarkets are rewarded for a strong internet presence. Again, Waitrose has done well here: grocery sales through its online service grew by 26% over the Christmas period compared with a year ago. Most of the sup
17、ermarkets are trying out new digital gizmos to make shopping easier. Waitrose is experimenting with a home-scanning device called Hiku. This will allow people to scan barcodes on Waitrose products at home to add them to their online shopping basket. There are grounds for optimism even at Tesco, argu
18、es Bryan Roberts, an analyst at Kantar Retail. For a couple of years its stores in London have done better than those in the rest of the country. Store managers in the capital have enjoyed more autonomy to fill their shelves with products suited to the people who live or work in the local area. Devo
19、lution seems simple, but effective.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT Aldi and Lidi have done to most of Britain“s supermarkets?（分数：2.00）A.Undercut them.B.Ate into their profits.C.Gobbled up their market share.D.Made their food costs increase.(2).The clear lessen in Paragraph 2 means grocer
20、s should _.（分数：2.00）A.chase the upstart discountersB.have target marketC.reduce pricesD.have middle-market rivals(3).We can learn from Paragraph 3 that _.（分数：2.00）A.Asda is at the top end of the marketB.Lidi and Aldi are in the middle of the marketC.Waitrose will muddy its target customersD.Tesco is
21、 stranded in the middle of the market(4).The word “gizmos“ (Para. 4) probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.technologiesB.meansC.devicesD.products(5).It can be concluded from the last paragraph that _.（分数：2.00）A.devolution is an effective way to increase salesB.there is no reason for Tesco to be pessimisticC.T
22、esco should merge its stores in the rest of the countryD.Tesco“s stores in London miss local trends五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For the past few months, artificial intelligence (AI) has been a much talked about topic in the worlds of both pop culture and science. Last November saw the release of Oscar-no
23、minated and winning biopic, “The Imitation Game“, about the father of the modern computer, Alan Turing. Last month, another Hollywood film about clever robots, Chappie, hit theaters. Is artificial intelligence a boon or does it spell doom for humans? In their book, authors Erik Brynjolfsson and Andr
24、ew McAfee, both of whom hail from MIT, US, could barely hide their excitement toward the rise of machines. According to the authors, we are entering an age of accelerated development of artificial and robotic technology. “Digital machines have escaped their narrow confines and started to demonstrate
25、 broad abilities in pattern recognition, complex communication, and other domains that used to be exclusively human,“ write the authors. “We“ve recently seen great progress in natural language processing, machine learning, computer vision, simultaneous localization and mapping, and many other areas.
26、 “We“re going to see artificial intelligence do more and more, and as this happens costs will go down, outcomes will improve, and our lives will get better.“ Already AI can help blind people see and deaf people hear. And wheelchairs have been invented that can be controlled by thoughts. We are going
27、 to witness more innovations and wonders made possible by AI, according to the authors. However, not all are equally enthusiastic about AI. A February report from the Global Challenges Foundation listed AI, alongside extreme climate change, nuclear war and ecological catastrophe, as “risks that thre
28、aten human civilization“. Many preeminent scientists share the same concern. Stephen Hawking told the BBC last December that “the development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race.“ “It would take off on its own, and redesign itself at an ever increasing rate,“ he sai
29、d: “Humans, who are limited by slow biological evolution, couldn“t compete, and would be replaced.“ Hawking“s worry echoed that of Tesla and SpaceX boss Elon Musk, who said in last October at an MIT conference that “we should be very careful about artificial intelligence. If I had to guess at what o
30、ur biggest existential threat is, it“s probably that“.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that “The Imitation Game“ _.（分数：2.00）A.is a science fiction movieB.is not a Hollywood filmC.won Oscar-nominationD.is about clever robots(2).Which is NOT the ability of digital machines, according t
31、o Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee?（分数：2.00）A.Natural language processing.B.Intelligence production.C.Fingerprint recognition.D.Simultaneous localization.(3).It cannot be inferred that artificial intelligence will _.（分数：2.00）A.complete more choresB.help cut down costsC.help deaf people hearD.cont
32、rol people“s thought(4).According to Stephen Hawking, _.（分数：2.00）A.AI is one of the risks that threaten human civilizationB.the development of AI cannot threaten human raceC.AI might be substituted for humans in the futureD.AI would redesign itself at a slow rate(5).A suitable title for this text wo
33、uld be _.（分数：2.00）A.Bleak Future of AIB.Digital Future: UncertainC.Bright Future of Digital MachinesD.Doom for Humans in the Future六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In his “Odyssey“, Homer immortalized the idea of resisting temptation by having the protagonist tied to the mast of his ship, to hear yet not suc
34、cumb to the beautiful, dangerous songs of the Sirens. Researchers have long been intrigued as to whether this ability to avoid, or defer, gratification is related to outcomes in life. The best-known test is the “marshmallow“ experiment, in which children who could refrain from eating the confection
35、for 15 minutes were given a second one. Children who could not wait tended to have lower incomes and poorer health as adults. New research suggests that kids who are unable to delay rewards are also more likely to become criminals later. Recently, four researchers used data from a Swedish survey in
36、which more than 13,000 children aged 13 were asked whether they would prefer to receive $140 now or $1,400 in five years“ time. About four-fifths of them said they were prepared to wait. Unlike previous researchers, the authors were able to track all the children and account for their parental backg
37、round and cognitive ability. They found that the 13-year-olds who wanted the smaller sum of money at once were 32% more likely to be convicted of a crime during the next 18 years than those children who said they would rather wait for the bigger reward. Individuals who are impatient, they believe, p
38、refer instant benefits and are therefore less likely to be deterred by potential punishments. But those who fret that a person“s criminal path is set already as a teenager should not despair. The four researchers offer a remedy. When the respondents“ education was included in the analysis, they foun
39、d that higher educational attainment was linked to a preference for delayed gratification. Educational attainment and patience are related either because patience helps students to do better or because schooling makes people more likely to postpone rewards. Fortunately, there is evidence in support
40、of the latter theory. Francisco Perez-Arce of the RAND Corporation, a think-tank, interviewed around 2,000 applicants for Mexican universities. The students had similar credentials but some obtained admission through a lottery to a university that did not charge tuition fees, whereas the rest had to
41、 apply elsewhere. As a result, a higher proportion of lottery-winners than losers went to college. After a year, Mr. Perez-Arce found, the lottery-winners were more patient than the losers. Since the process was random, he concluded that higher education can make people place more weight on the futu
42、re.（分数：10.00）(1).The “marshmallow“ experiment is a test about _.（分数：2.00）A.accepting temptationB.avoiding outcomesC.deferring gratificationD.eating the confection(2).All of the following make the new research differ from the previous ones EXCEPT _.（分数：2.00）A.the researchers tracked all the subjectsB
43、.the researchers surveyed a much wider range of childrenC.the researchers explained the children“s parental backgroundD.the researchers considered the parents“ cognitive ability(3).It is believed that individuals who are impatient _.（分数：2.00）A.tend to get benefits at onceB.are able to delay rewardsC
44、.would rather wait for the bigger rewardD.are probably deterred by potential punishments(4).People who fret that a person“s criminal path is set already can take the remedial action of _.（分数：2.00）A.keeping healthyB.attaining higher incomesC.receiving higher educationD.avoiding punishments(5).It is c
45、oncluded that educational attainment and patience are related because _.（分数：2.00）A.patience helps students to do betterB.gratification is delayed by receiving higher educationC.schooling makes people less likely to postpone rewardsD.higher education can make people value the future more七、Text 4(总题数：
46、1，分数：10.00)Ever since Muzak started serenading patrons of hotels and restaurants in the 1930s, piped-in music has been part of the consumer experience. Without the throb of a synthesiser or a guitar“s twang, shoppers would sense something missing as they tried on jeans or filled up trolleys. Special
47、ists like Mood Media, which bought Muzak in 2011, devise audio programmes to influence the feel of shops and cater to customers“ tastes. The idea is to entertain, and thereby prolong the time shop pers spend in stores, says Claude Nahon, the firm“s international chief. Music by famous artists works
48、better than the generic stuff that people associate with Muzak. The embarrassing brand name was dropped in 2013. Online shopping is an under-explored area of merchandising musicology. A new study commissioned by eBay, a shopping website, aims to correct that. Some 1,900 participants were asked to si
49、mulate online shopping while listening to different sounds. Some results were unsurprising. The noise of roadworks and crying babies soured shoppers“ views of the products on offer. Chirruping birds encouraged sales of barbecues but not blenders or board games. Sounds associated with quality and luxury seemed to be hazardous for shoppers“ wallets. The study found classical music and restaurant buzz caused them to overestimate the quality of goods on offer and to pay more than they should. That backs up earlier research whic
