1、会计硕士专业学位联考英语(二)-18 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：100.00)A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people. Day after day my men and I strug
2、gle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is. accountability. Accountability isn“t hard to define. It means that every person
3、is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences. Of the many values that hold civilization togetherhonesty, kindness, and so onaccountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no lawand, ultimately, no society. My job as a police
4、 officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people“s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment. Fortunately there are still commu
5、nitiessmaller towns, usuallywhere schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim. “In this family certain things are not toleratedthey simply are not done!“ Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typic
6、al robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him. The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, i
7、t“s the criminal who is considered victimized, by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn“t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn“t provide a stable home. I don“t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circums
8、tances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything. We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the on
9、e responsible for it.（分数：20.00）(1).What the wise man said suggests that _.（分数：4.00）A.it“s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evilB.it“s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about itC.it“s only natural for virtue to defeat evilD.it“s desirable for good men to keep
10、away from evil(2).According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, _.（分数：4.00）A.society is to be held responsibleB.modern civilization is impossible for itC.the criminal himself should bear the blameD.the standards of living should be improved(3).Compared with those in small towns, p
11、eople in large cities have _.（分数：4.00）A.less self-disciplineB.better sense of disciplineC.more mutual respectD.less effective government(4).According to the passage, which one is right?（分数：4.00）A.People in large cities tend to excuse criminals.B.People in small towns still stick to old discipline an
12、d standards.C.Today“s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty.D.People in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities.(5).The key point of the passage is that _.（分数：4.00）A.stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and familiesB.more good examples should be set fo
13、r people to followC.more restrictions should be imposed on people“s behaviorD.more people should accept the value of accountabilityEvery year television stations receive hundreds of complaints about the loudness of advertisements. However, federal rules forbid the practice of making ads louder than
14、the programming. In addition, television stations always operate at the highest sound level allowed for reasons of efficiency. According to one NBC executive, no difference exists in the peak sound level of ads and programming. Given this information why do commercials sound so loud? The sensation o
15、f sound involves a variety of factors in addition to its speak level. Advertisers are skilful at creating the impression of loudness through their expert use of such factors. One major contributor to the perceived loudness of commercials is that much less variation in sound level occurs during a com
16、mercial. In regular programming the intensity of sound varies over a large range. However, sound levels in commercials tend to stay at or near peak levels. Other “tricks of the trade“ are also used. Because low-frequency sounds can mask higher frequency sounds, advertisers filter out any noises that
17、 may drown out the primary message. In addition, the human voice has more auditory (听觉的) impact in the middle frequency ranges. Advertisers electronically vary voice sounds so that they stay within such a frequency band. Another approach is to write the script so that lots of consonants are used, be
18、cause people are more aware of consonants than vowel sounds. Finally, advertisers try to begin commercials with sounds that are highly different from those of the programming within which the commercial is buried. Because people become adapted to the type of sounds coming from programming, a dramati
19、c change in sound quality draws viewer“s attention. For example, notice how many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some type. The attention-getting property of commercials can be seen by observing one-to two-year-old children who happen to be playing around a television set. They may totally
20、 ignore the programming. However, when a commercial comes on, their attention is immediately drawn to it because of its dramatic sound quality.（分数：20.00）(1).According to the passage, the maximum intensity of sound coming from commercials _.（分数：4.00）A.does not exceed that of programsB.is greater than
21、 that of programsC.varies over a large range than that of programsD.is less than that of programs(2).Commercials create the sensation of loudness because _.（分数：4.00）A.TV stations always operate at the highest sound levelsB.their sound levels are kept around peak levelsC.their sound levels are kept i
22、n the middle frequency rangesD.unlike regular programs their intensity of sound varies over a wide range.(3).What does the underlined phrase “filter out“ mean?（分数：4.00）A.get rid ofB.coverC.give awayD.convert(4).Many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some kind because _.（分数：4.00）A.pop songs a
23、ttract viewer attentionB.it can increase their loudnessC.advertisers want to make them sound different from regular programsD.advertisers want to merge music with commercials(5).One of the reasons why commercials are able to attract viewer attention is that _.（分数：4.00）A.the human voices in commercia
24、ls have more auditory impactB.people like cheerful songs that change dramatically in sound qualityC.high-frequency sounds are used to mask sounds that drown out the primary messageD.they possess sound qualities that make the viewer feel that something unusual is happeningImagine a world in which the
25、re was suddenly no emotiona world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, neither anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat
26、acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relation
27、ships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Society“s economic underpinnings (支柱) would be destroyed: since earning $10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no in
28、centive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them. In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions st
29、ructure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object“s physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to ushurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joy
30、ful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good“ and others are “bad“, and we apply these categories to every
31、 aspect of our social lifefrom what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It g
32、ives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements, such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal penal (刑法的) system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.（分数：20.00）(1).The reas
33、on why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that _.（分数：4.00）A.they would not be able to tell the texture of objectsB.they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to themC.they would not be happy with a life without loveD.they would do things that hurt
34、each other“s feelings(2).According to the passage, people“s learning activities are possible because they _.（分数：4.00）A.believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay aliveB.benefit from providing help and support to one anotherC.enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thingD.know what is vi
35、tal to the progress of society(3).It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on _.（分数：4.00）A.the ability to make moneyB.the will to work for pleasureC.the capacity to enjoy incentivesD.the categorizations of our emotional experiences(4).Emotions are sign
36、ificant for man“s survival and adaptation because _.（分数：4.00）A.they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objectsB.they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintainedC.they encourage people to perform dangerous achievementsD.they generate more
37、love than hate among people(5).The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they _.（分数：4.00）A.help society exploit its members for profitB.encourage us to perform important tasksC.help to perfect the legal and penal systemD.help us adapt our behavior to the
38、 world surrounding usFor centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain, Lewis and Clark journeyed
39、into the American wilderness to find out what the U. S. had acquired when it purchased Louisianan, and the Apollo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war. Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explore
40、rs involved all accomplished some significant science simply by going where no scientists had gone before. Today Mars looms as humanity“s next great terra incognita (未探明之地). And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing em
41、phasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet“s reddish surface. Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at last
42、destined to take a leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others: are there experiment that only human could do on Mars? Could those experiments provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across interplanetary space? With Mars the scientific stakes ar
43、e arguably higher than they have ever been. The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacteria
44、l fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite (陨石) from Mars. A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life. If it could be established that life a
45、rose independently on Mars and Earth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all of science, the prevalence of life in the universe.（分数：20.00）(1).According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknown places in the past was _.（分数：4
46、.00）A.to display their country“s military mightB.to accomplish some significant scienceC.to find new areas for colonizationD.to pursue commercial and state interests(2).At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is _.（分数：4.00）A.international cooperationB.s
47、cientific researchC.nationalistic reasonsD.long-term profits(3).What is the main goal of sending human missions to Mars?（分数：4.00）A.To find out if life ever existed there.B.To see if humans could survive there.C.To prove the feasibility of large-scale space ventures.D.To show the leading role of scie
48、nce in space exploration.(4).By saying “With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been“ (Line 1, Para. 4), the author means that _.（分数：4.00）A.with Mars the risks involved are much greater than any previous space venturesB.in the case of Mars, the rewards of scientific e
49、xploration can be very highC.in the case of Mars, much more research funds are needed than ever beforeD.with Mars scientists argue, the fundamental interests of science are at issue(5).The passage tells us that proof of life on Mars would _.（分数：4.00）A.make clear the complex chemistry in the development of lifeB.confirm the suggestion that bacterial fossils traveled to Earth on a meteoriteC.reveal the kind of conditions under which life originatesD.provide an explanation why life is common in the unive
