1、MBA 联考英语-READING+B+PART+3 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、完成句子 lilist-style-t(总题数：5，分数：100.00)从七个选项中挑选合适的内容，完成每个带数字的句子。 Text 1 We have to realize how old, how very old, we are. Nations are classified as “aged“ when they have 7 per cent or more of their people aged 65 or above, and by about 1970 every o
2、ne of the advanced countries had become like this. Of the really ancient societies, with over 13 per cent above 65, all are in Northwestern Europe. We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be-a
3、t least, for any future that concerns us now. To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added, some of them only recently recognized. There is the apparent paradox that the effective cause of the high proportion of the old is births rather than deaths. There is the economic princi
4、ple that the dependency ratio-the degree to which those who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can-is more advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world, because lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive
5、aged. There is the appreciation of the historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change. If “revolution“ is a rapid resettlement of the social structure, and if the age composition of the society counts as a very important aspect of that social structure, then there has
6、 been a social revolution in European and particularly Western European society within the lifetime of everyone over 50. Taken together, these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged. These facts and circumstances had a leading position at a world gathering about aging a
7、s a challenge to science and to policy, held at Vichy in France. There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birth rate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old. Long life is alteri
8、ng our society, of course, but in experiential terms. We have among us a very much greater experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue. But too much of that lengthened experience, even in the wealthy West, will be experience of poverty a
9、nd neglect, unless we do something about it. If you are in your thirties, you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. The older you are now, of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman. A ex
10、perienced in poor conditions. B more likely to live longer. C discuss aging as a challenge both science and policy confronts. D these things have far-reaching implications. E the degree to which those non-earners rely on those earners. F the older its population tends to be. G the early drop in birt
11、h rate.（分数：20.00）(1).The closer a society gets to zero population increase, _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_(2).The dependency ratio means _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_(3).A world conference was held at Vichy in France to _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_(4).The Europeans have grown so old because of _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_(5).If you are a woman,
12、youre _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_Text 2 Researchers have studied the poor as individuals, as families and households, as members of poor communities, neighborhoods and regions, as products of larger poverty creating structures. They have been analyzed as victims of crime and criminals, as members of minority
13、cultures, as passive consumers of mass culture and active producers of a “counterculture“, as participants in the informal economy, as inventors of survival strategies, as an economic burden and as a reserve army of labor-to mention just some of the preoccupations of poverty research. The elites, wh
14、o occupy the small upper stratum within the category of the non-poor, and their functions in the emergence and reproduction of poverty are as interesting and important an object for poverty research as are the poor themselves. The elites have images of the poor and of poverty which shape their decis
15、ions and actions. So far, little is known about those images, except as they are sketchily portrayed in popular stereotypes. The elites may well ignore or deny the external effects of their own actions (and omissions) upon the living conditions of the poor. Many social scientists may take a very dif
16、ferent view. As poverty emerged and was reproduced, legal frameworks were created to contain the problems it caused with profound, and largely unknown, consequences for the poor themselves. In general, political, educational and social institutions tend to ignore or even damage the interests of the
17、poor. In constructing a physical infrastructure for transport, industry, trade and tourism, the settlements of the poor are often the first to suffer or to be left standing and exposed to pollution, noise and crowding. Most important are the economic functions of poverty, as for lack of other option
18、s the poor are forced to perform activities considered degrading or unclean. The poor are more likely to buy second-hand goods and leftover foodstuffs, thus prolonging their economic utility. They are likely to use the services of low-quality doctors, teachers and lawyers whom the non-poor shy away
19、from. Poverty and the poor serve an important symbolic function, in reminding citizens of the lot that may befall those who do not heed the values of thrift, diligence and cleanliness, and of the constant threat that the rough, the immoral and the violent represent for the rest of society. Physicall
20、y, the poor and the non-poor are often kept apart, through differential land use and ghettoization. Socially, they are separated through differential participation in the labor market, the consumption economy, and in political, social and cultural institutions. Conceptually, they are divided through
21、 stereotyping and media clich. This separation is even more pronounced between the elites and the poor. A patronize low-quality doctors, teachers and lawyers. B by means of stereotyping and media clich. C as an subject for studying poverty. D the values of thrift, diligence and cleanliness. E by pol
22、itical, educational and social organizations. F through differential presence in the labor force. G victims of criminal acts.（分数：20.00）(1).The poor were usually associated with _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_(2).The elites are interesting and important _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_(3).In general, the interests of the poor ar
23、e destroyed _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_(4).The poor people are likely to _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_(5).Socially, the poor and the non-poor are divided _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_Text 3 Modern liberal opinion is sensitive to problems of restriction of freedom and abuse of power. Indeed, many hold that a man can be injured only b
24、y violating his will, but this view is much too narrow. It fails to recognize the great dangers we shall face in the uses of biomedical technology that stems from an excess of freedom, from the unrestrained exercise of will. In my view, our greatest problems will be voluntary self-degradation, or wi
25、lling dehumanization, as the unintended yet often inescapable consequence of sternly and successfully pursuing our humanization goals. Certain desires and perfected medical technologies have already had some dehumanizing consequences. Improved methods of resuscitation (复活) have made possible heroic
26、efforts to “save“ the severely ill and injured. Yet these efforts are sometimes only partly successful; they succeed in rescuing individuals but these individuals may have severe brain damage and be capable of only a less-than-human, vegetating existence. Such patients found with increasing frequenc
27、y in the intensive care units of university hospitals, have been denied a death with dignity. Families are forced to suffer seeing their loved ones so reduced and are made to bear the burden of a prolonged “death watch“. Even the ordinary methods of treating disease and prolonging life have changed
28、the context in which men die. Fewer and fewer people die in the familiar surroundings of home or in the company of family and friends. At that time of life when there is perhaps the greatest need for human warmth and comfort, the dying patient is kept company by cardiac (心脏的) pacemakers and defibril
29、lators, respirators, aspirators, oxygenators, catheters (导尿管) and his intravenous (静脉的) drip. Ties to the community of men are replaced by attachments to an assemblage of machines. This loneliness, however, is not confined to the dying patient in the hospital bed. Consider the increasing number of o
30、ld people still alive thanks to medical progress; as a group, the elderly are the most alienated members of our society, not yet ready for the world of the dead, not deemed fit for the world of the living, they are shunted aside. More and more of them spend the extra years medicine has given them in
31、 “homes for senior citizens“, in hospitals for chronic diseases, and in nursing homes-waiting for the end. We have learned how to increase their years, but we have not learned how to help them enjoy their days; yet we continue to bravely and sternly push back the frontiers against death. A prevent p
32、atients from dying honourably. B the ending life lonely in nursing homes. C originates from an excess of freedom and free exercise of will. D connections to the community of men. E are shunted aside and ignored. F by improved medical methods and equipment. G in the familiar surroundings of family an
33、d friends.（分数：20.00）(1).The emergence of biomedical technology _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_(2).The severely ill and injured can be rescued _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_(3).A prolonged death in university hospitals tends to _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_(4).People should be allowed to die _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_(5).More and more old people s
34、pend _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_Text 4 Social anxiety, in its many forms, is epidemic. About 40 percent of Americans think of themselves as shy, while only 20 percent say they have never suffered from shyness at some point in their lives. Shyness occurs when a persons apprehensions are so great that they inhi
35、bit his making an expected or desired social response; symptoms of shyness can be as minor as failing to make eye contact when speaking to someone, or as major as avoiding conversations whenever possible. “Shy people tend to be too preoccupied with themselves,“ said Jonathan Cheek, a psychologist at
36、 Boston College who is one of those at the forefront of current research on the topic. “For example, for a smooth conversation, you need to pay attention to the other persons cues-what he is saying and doing. But the shy person is full of worries about how he seems to the other persons, and so he of
37、ten misses cues he should pick up; the result is an awkward lag in the conversation. Shy people need to stop focusing on themselves and switch their attention to the other persons.“ Nevertheless, shy people by and large have better social abilities than they think they do. When Dr, Cheek videotaped
38、shy people talking to strangers, and then had raters evaluate how socially skilled the people were, he found that, in the eyes of other people, the shy group had few obvious problems. But when he asked the shy people themselves how they had done, they were unanimous in saying that they had been soci
39、al flops. Shy people are their own worst critics and in general they feel they are being judged more positively than they actually are, they always overestimate how obvious their social anxiety is to others. Not all self-consciousness leads to social anxiety, in the view of Arnold Buss, one of the f
40、irst psychologists to study the phenomenon. The garden-variety of self-consciousness, Dr. Buss has written, is simply an introspective awareness of ones thoughts and feelings. What he calls “public self-consciousness,“ on the other hand, is a powerful perception of oneself as the object of social sc
41、rutiny. The latter is the root of social anxiety. Social anxiety generally creates three different kinds of problems, which can occur separately or in tandem. For some people, their social anxiety is primarily cognitive: they suffer from repetitive thoughts expressing their fear of making a poor imp
42、ression, such as “He must think Im an idiot,“ or “I cant think of anything to say.“ Other people, though, experience their social anxiety almost entirely through physiological symptoms, such as blushing, a pounding heart, or sweating in social situation. In either case, these symptoms lead to a set
43、of behavioral ones: for example, not being able to speak although one wants to, or a general social awkwardness. A the fear of making a bad impression is frequently shown. B shyness appears. C the root cause of social anxiety. D how a person perceives himself as the object of social scrutiny. E they
44、 had been social losers. F body symptoms, like sweating in social situation. G that he often ignores cues he should pick up.（分数：20.00）(1).When a persons anxieties stop his expected or desired social reactions, _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_(2).A shy person worries so much about his image _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_(3).“Pu
45、blic self-consciousness“ refers to _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_(4).For those people with cognitive anxiety, _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_(5).Social anxiety can be expressed through _（分数：4.00）填空项 1:_Text 5 Why crime has risen so much further and faster in Britain than in any other rich country over the past half-century is
46、 anybodys guess, maybe its the result of near-American levels of relative poverty and family breakdown combined with a European reluctance to bang up quite such a large proportion of the population as America does. Anyway, the long-term causes are of less immediate interest to the government than a
47、short-term solution. Popular concern about crime is rising: 23% of people rated it as one of the most important issues for the government at the beginning of this year; 34% do now. An official report concluding that the criminal justice system is failing has added to the governments problems. The Au
48、dit Commission, the governments watchdog, says that the police too often charge suspects with the wrong offences, use inaccurate computerized information and face serious inefficiencies in the forensic science (the use of scientific methods by the police) service. Court delays alone are costing taxpayers80m ($120m) a year. The result is that few criminals are brought to justice an
