1、MBA 联考英语-Reading+A 综合练习(二)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、阅读理解(总题数：10，分数：100.00)Passage 1 The evolution of the social sciences has reached a crucial point that might be called a phase change in which old, atomistic, and impressionistic ways of doing research are superseded by a far more systematic and
2、united methodology. To bring social sciences to the level of rigor already achieved by some of the physical sciences, a new type of facility will be needed. This will be a trans-disciplinary, Internet-based collaboratory that will provide social and behavioral scientists with the databases, software
3、 and hardware tools, and other resources to conduct worldwide research that integrates experimental, survey, geographic, and economic methodologies on a much larger scale than was possible previously. This facility will enable advanced research and professional education in economics, sociology, pol
4、itical science, social geography, and related fields. In many branches of social sciences, a new emphasis on the rigor of formal laboratory experimentation has driven researchers to develop procedure and software to conduct online interaction experiment using computer terminals attached to local are
5、a networks. The opportunity to open these laboratories to the Internet will reduce the cost per research participant and increase greatly the number of institutions, researchers, students, and research participants who can take part. The scale of social sciences experimentation can increase by an or
6、der of magnitude or more, examining a much wider range of phenomena and ensuring great confidence in results through multiple replication of crucial studies. Technology for administering questionnaires to very large numbers of respondents over the Internet will revolutionize survey research. Data fr
7、om past questionnaire surveys can be the springboard for new surveys with vastly larger numbers of respondents at lower cost than by traditional methods. Integrated researches can combine modules using both questionnaire and experimental methods.Results can be linked via geographic analysis to other
8、 sources of data including census information, economic statistics, and data from other experiments and surveys. Longitudinal studies will conduct time-series comparisons across data sets to chart social and economic trends. Each new study will be designed so that the data automatically and instantl
9、y becomes part of the archives, and scientific publications will be linked to the data sets on which they are based so that the network becomes a universal knowledge system.（分数：10.00）(1).A “phase change“ (Para. 1) is one in which A. an old period ends and a new period begins. B. a gradual invisible
10、transition takes place. C. fragments are united into a whole. D. social sciences come to be united with physical sciences.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It is implied in the first paragraph that A. there should be no difference in methodology between physical and social sciences. B. social sciences lag far be
11、hind physical science in terms of methodology. C. social sciences have achieved little due to limited data. D. the Internet can never advance scientific research unless it is properly used.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Why do researchers begin to show interest in online interaction experiment? A. To reduce t
12、he cost per research participant. B. To upgrade the level of rigor of research in social sciences. C. To conduct worldwide research that was unfeasible before. D. To take full advantage of achievements made by physical sciences.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The greatest advantage with the Internet-based coll
13、aboratory may lie in A. the greater cost reduction and availability of data in research. B. its promptness in putting research results into practice. C. its capability to reexamine the validity of traditional research. D. its potentiality in integrating social sciences into physical sciences.（分数：2.0
14、0）A.B.C.D.(5).All of the following are defeats with the traditional survey in the form of questionnaires EXCEPT A. a restricted range of investigation. B. greater cost in administering them. C. lack of precision compared with experiments. D. difficulty in being confirmed by other kinds of research.（
15、分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Passage 2 Is it possible that the ideas we have today about ownership and property rights have been so universal in the human mind that it is truly as if they had sprung from the mind of God? By no means. The idea of owning and property emerged in the mists of unrecorded history. The
16、 ancient Jews, for one, had a very different outlook on property and ownership, viewing it as something much more temporary and tentative than we do. The ideas we have in America about the private ownership of productive property as a natural and universal right of mankind, perhaps of divine origin,
17、 are by no means universal and must be viewed as an invention of man rather than an order of God. Of course, we are completely trained to accept the idea of ownership of the earth and its products, raw and transformed. It seems not at all strange; in fact, it is quite difficult to imagine a society
18、without such arrangements. If someone, some individual, didnt own that plot of land, that house, that factory, that machine, that tower of wheat, how would we function? What would the rules be? Whom would we buy from and how would we sell? It is important to acknowledge a significant difference betw
19、een achieving ownership simply by taking or claiming property and owning what we tend to call the “fruit of labor“. If I, alone or together with my family, work on the land and raise crops, or if I make something useful out of natural material, it seems reasonable and fair to claim that the crops or
20、 the objects belong to me or my family, are my property, at least in the sense that I have first claim on them. Hardly anyone would dispute that. In fact, some of the early radical workingmens movements made (an ownership) claim on those very grounds. As industrial organization became more complex,
21、however, such issues became vastly more intricate. It must be clear that in modern society the social heritage of knowledge and technology and the social organization of manufacture and exchange account for far more of the productivity of industry and the value of what is produced than can be accoun
22、ted for by the labor of any number of individuals. Hardly any person can now point and say, “That-that right there-is the fruit of my labor.“ We can say, as a society, as a nation-as a world, really-that what is produced is the fruit of our labor, the product of the whole society as a collectivity.
23、We have to recognize that the right of private individual ownership of property is man-made and constantly dependent on the extent to which those without property believe that the owner can make his claim stick.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, the concept of ownership probably A. resulted from t
24、he unrecognized ancient history. B. stemmed from the remote prehistoric times. C. arose from the generous blessing of the Creator. D. originated from the undetected distant periods.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author deems private ownership to be A. a necessary invention of mankind. B. an inherent right
25、 of a human being. C. a permanent arrangement for society. D. an explicit idea of some individuals.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).We learn by inference that private property may A. be viewed as a design of inventive powers. B. be treated as a discovery of our ancestors. C. serve as the universal rule of trans
26、actions. D. function as the basis of market economy.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).One deserves to claim on some product only when A. his labor accounts for the product and its value. B. he has the priority to lay claim on the product. C. his labor is widely recognized and respected. D. he has the grounds for
27、 making claims first.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Private ownership of property is finally described as A. a production of early mans manual work. B. a demand for greater productivity in industry. C. varying with the shift in public approval. D. denied by socialized production and exchange.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.
28、Passage 3 In spite of rising concern in the Northeast and Canada, Administration spokesmen have repeatedly insisted that nothing could really be done about acid rain and the industry-produced sulfur emissions until all the scientific facts were in. Suddenly last week, however, facts came raining dow
29、n, in effect making further scientific debate on what mainly causes the problem all but irrelevant. What brought about the downpour was a study commissioned by Presidential Science Adviser. The spokesmen plainly called for remedial action even if some technical questions about acid rain were still u
30、nanswered. “If we take the conservative point of view that we must wait until the scientific knowledge is definitive,“ said the spokesman, “The accumulated deposition and damaged environment may reach the point of irreversibility.“ When it rains, it pours. Next came a study from the National Researc
31、h Council. Its definitive conclusion: reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide from coal-burning power plants and factories, such as these in the Midwest, would in fact significantly reduce the acidity in rain, snow and other precipitation that is widely believed to be worsening the life from fresh-wate
32、r lakes and forests in the Northeast and Canada. The spokesman did not recommend any specific action. A pair of remedial measures are already taken before Congress. A Senate committee recently approved a bill that would require reduction over the next decade of sulfur-dioxide emissions by 10 million
33、 tons in the States bordering on the east of the Mississippi. A tougher measure was introduced in the House ordering the 50 largest sulfur polluters in the U.S. to cut emissions substantially. To ease the Eastern coal mining industry, which fears a switch to low-sulfur Western coal, the bill require
34、s the installation of expensive “scrubbers“, devices for removing sulfur from the smoke, rather than an order that forbids high-sulfur fuel. Still, the legislation is being vigorously opposed by the coal industry and utilities, especially in the Mid-west, where heavy industries are battling to survi
35、ve. In a survey also released last week, the Edison Electric Institute, an industry group, gravely predicted that electricity rates could rise as much as 50% if the emission-control legislation passed. Government studies dispute these figures, but Congress has been suspended on acid-rain measures. N
36、ow, as a result of the academy study, supporters of the bills are more optimistic. Nevertheless, a major political battle is shaping up.（分数：10.00）(1).The first paragraph shows that A. the Administration has ignored the public anxiety about acid rain. B. the industrial sulfur emissions need further s
37、cientific verification. C. the spokesmen have denied the presence of proofs of acid rain. D. scientific evidence has made the cause of acid rain undebatable.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “downpour“ (Para. 2) most likely refers to A. a heavy fall of acid rain. B. a sudden thunderstorm. C. a series of
38、 criticism. D. a succession of evidence.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The two studies mentioned in the text clearly stated that A. there is no time to lose in pollution control. B. the scientific explanation of acid rain remains unclear. C. environmental restoration defies scientific endeavors. D. factories
39、should be banned from burning coal.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).From the description of the efforts in the House, we can see that A. the members of the House really speak for the general public. B. the Congressmen are tough to the sulfur polluters in the U.S. C. the statesmen try to please the public withou
40、t enraging the bosses. D. the politicians worry about the effect of emission-control legislation.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).This article most probably appeared in A. a government document. B. a news magazine. C. a scientific research paper. D. a textbook of environmental science.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Passage 4
41、 International airlines have rediscovered the business traveler. This does not necessarily mean that airlines ever abandoned their business travelers, but many airlines were accused of concentrating too heavily in the recent past on attracting passengers by volume, often at the expense of the busine
42、ss traveler. Operating a major airline is essentially a matter of finding the right mix of passengers. The airlines need to fill up the back end of their wide-bodied jets with low fare passengers without forgetting that the front end should be filled with people who pay substantially more for their
43、tickets. It is no coincidence that the recent two major airlines bankruptcies were among the companies specializing in cheap flights. But low fares require consistently full aircraft to make flights economically viable; and in the recent recession the volume of traffic has reduced. Equally the large
44、 number of airliners jostling for the available passengers has created a huge excess of capacity; the net result of excess capacity and cut-throat competition driving down fares has been to push some airlines into collapse and leave many others hovering on the brink. Against this grim background, it
45、 is no surprise that airlines are turning increasingly towards the business travelers to improve their rates of return; they have invested much time and effort to establish exactly the executives demands for sitting apart from the tourists. High on the list of priorities is punctuality. In-flight se
46、rvice is another area where the airlines are jostling for the executives attention. The free drinks and headsets and better food are other parts of the attention. First-class passengers are now offered sleeperette seats. The airlines are also trying to improve things on the ground. Executive lounges
47、 are intended to make the inevitable waiting between flights a little more bearable. Luggage handling is being improved. Regrettably, there is little that the airlines can do to speed up the boring immigration and Customs process, which upsets and frustrates passengers of all classes. Although it is
48、 the airlines intention to attract executive passengers from their rivals, the airlines themselves would do nothing to change one bad habit of this kind of traveler-the habit of booking a flight and then failing to turn up. The practice is particularly widespread in Europe, where businessmen frequen
49、tly book return journeys home on one of several flights. As a result, the airlines throw away empty seats, which cannot be resold. Some airlines have attempted to prevent the practice by offering discounts to passengers who travel on their booked flight. But this inevitably means that the structure of air fares, already highly complex, becomes even more baffling.（分数：10.00）(1).One criticism against many international airlines is that they have, in the recent past, A. abandoned their business travelers. B. contended with each other for the available passengers. C. given preferential
