1、MBA 联考-英语(二)-31 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the United States, the first day nursery, was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the 1 half of the 19th century; most of 2 were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U.S., the day nurser
2、y movement received great 3 during the First World War, when 4 of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented (前所未有) numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established 5 in munitions (军火) plants, under direct government sponsorship. 6 the number of nurseries in th
3、e U.S. also rose 7 , this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War, 8 , federal, State, and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control 9 the day nurseries, chiefly by 10 them. The 11 of the Second World War was q
4、uickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were 12 called up on to replace men in the factories. On this 13 the U.S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools, 14 $6,000,000 in July, 1942, for a nursery school program for t
5、he children of working mothers. Many States and local communities 15 this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100, 000 children were being cared 16 in daycare centers receiving Federal 17 . Soon afterward, the Federal government 18 cut down its expenditures for this purpos
6、e and later 19 them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their 20 at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.（分数：10.00）A.latterB.lateC.otherD.firstA.thoseB.themC.whoseD.whichA.impetusB.inputC.imitati
7、onD.initiativeA.sourcesB.abundanceC.shortageD.reductionA.hardlyB.entirelyC.onlyD.evenA.BecauseB.AsC.SinceD.AlthoughA.unanimouslyB.sharplyC.predominantlyD.militantlyA.thereforeB.consequentlyC.howeverD.moreoverA.overB.inC.atD.aboutA.formulatingB.labelingC.patentingD.licensingA.outsetB.outbreakC.breakt
8、hroughD.breakdownA.againB.thusC.repeatedlyD.yetA.circumstanceB.occasionC.caseD.situationA.regulatingB.summoningC.allocatingD.transferringA.expandedB.facilitatedC.supplementedD.compensatedA.byB.afterC.ofD.forA.pensionsB.subsidiesC.revenuesD.budgetsA.prevalentlyB.furiouslyC.statisticallyD.drasticallyA
9、.abolishedB.diminishedC.jeopardizedD.precludedA.nurseriesB.homesC.jobsD.children二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Nuclear power“s danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation. Nuclear radiation has a certain my
10、stery about it, partly because it cannot be detected by human senses. It can“t be seen or heard, or touched or tasted, even though it may be all around us. There are other things like that. For example, radio waves are all around us but we can“t sense radioactivity without a radiation detector. But
11、unlike common radio waves, nuclear radiation is not harmless to human beings and other living things. At very high levels, radiation can kill an animal or human being outright by killing masses of cell in vital organs. But even the lowest levels can do serious damage. There is no level of radiation
12、that is completely safe. If the radiation does not hit anything important, the damage may not be significant. This is the case when only a few cells are hit, and if they are killed outright. Your body will replace the dead cells with healthy ones. But if the few cells arc only damaged, and if they r
13、eproduce themselves, you may be in trouble. They reproduce themselves in a deformed way. They can grow into cancer. Sometimes this does not show up for many years. This is another reason for some of the mystery about nuclear radiation. Serious damage can be done without the victim being aware at the
14、 time that damage has occurred. A person can be irradiated and feel fine, then die of cancer five, ten, or twenty years later as a result. Or a child can be born weak or liable to serious illness as a result of radiation absorbed by its grandparents. It is not too careful to prevent from the radiati
15、on. Radiation can hurt us. We must know the truth.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, the danger of nuclear power lies in _.（分数：2.00）A.nuclear mysteryB.nuclear radiationC.radiation levelD.radiation detection(2).Radiation can cause serious consequences even at the lowest level _.（分数：2.00）A.unless
16、 it kills few cellsB.unless it damages few cellsC.if the damaged cells can repair themselvesD.if the damaged cells duplicate themselves(3).The word “significant“ in paragraph 2 most probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.fatalB.meaningfulC.remarkableD.harmful(4).Radiation can hurt us in the way that it can _.（
17、分数：2.00）A.kill a numbers of cells in main organs to cause deathB.damage cells which nay grow into cancer years laterC.affect the healthy growth of our offspringD.All of the above(5).Which of the following can be best inferred from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The protection from radiation cannot be over-e
18、mphasizedB.The mystery about radiation remains unsolvedC.Cancer is mainly caused by radiationD.Radiation can hurt those who are not aware of its danger五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be con
19、versing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But powerful as computers are, they“re nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle t
20、o reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid. A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like
21、language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by- step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal
22、logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the
23、 field. Imitating the brain“s neural (神经的) network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. “People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors“, he ex
24、plains, “but it“s not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves. “ Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brain“s capabilities stem from the pattern recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each
25、brain cell. The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills. Right now, the option that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains c
26、ontroversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.（分数：10.00）(1).The author says that the powerful computers of today _.（分数：2.00）A.are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an objectB.are close to exhibiting huma
27、nlike behaviorC.are not very different in their performance from those of the 50“sD.still cannot communicate with people in a human language(2).The shortcoming in artificial intelligence research stems from _.（分数：2.00）A.the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objectsB.
28、the belief that human intelligence can be duplicated with logical, step-by-step programsC.the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old childD.the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells(3).What“s the author“s o
29、pinion about the new AI movement?（分数：2.00）A.It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die outB.It“s a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processesC.It“s more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effortD.It may prove to be in the right dir
30、ection though nobody is sure of its future prospects(4).Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to _.（分数：2.00）A.find a roundabout way to design powerful computersB.build a computer using a clever network of switchesC.find out how intelligence developed in natureD.sep
31、arate the highest and most abstract levels of thought(5).Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “the only game in town“ ( Line 3, Para. 4) ?（分数：2.00）A.The only approach to building an artificially intelligent computerB.The only way for them to win a prize in artificial intelligen
32、ce researchC.The only area worth studying in computer scienceD.The only game they would like to play in town六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)What might driving on an automated highway be like? The answer depends on what kind of system is ultimately adopted. Two distinct types are on the drawing board. The fi
33、rst is a special purpose lane system, in which certain lanes are reserved for automated vehicles. The second is a mixed traffic system: fully automated vehicles would share the road with partially automated or manual driven cars. A special purpose lane system would require more extensive physical mo
34、difications to existing highways, but it promises the greatest gains in freeway (高速公路) capacity. Under either scheme, the driver would specify the desired destination, furnishing this information to a computer in the car at the beginning of the trip or perhaps just before reaching the automated high
35、way. If a mixed traffic system way was in place, automated driving could begin whenever the driver was on suitably equipped roads. If special purpose lanes were available, the car could enter them and join existing traffic in two different ways. One method would use a special onramp (入口引道). As the d
36、river approached the point of entry for the highway, devices installed on the roadside would electronically check the vehicle to determine its destination and to ascertain that it had the proper automation equipment in good working order. Assuming it passed such tests, the driver would then be guide
37、d through a gate and toward an automated lane. In this case, the transition from manual to automated control would take place on the entrance ramp. An alternative technique could employ conventional lanes, which would be shared by automated and regular vehicles. The driver would steer onto the highw
38、ay and move in normal fashion to a “transition“ lane. The vehicle would then shift under computer control onto a lane reserved for automated traffic. (The limitation of these lanes to automated traffic would, presumably, be well respected, because all trespassers (非法进入者) could be swiftly identified
39、by authorities. ) Either approach to joining a lane of automated traffic would harmonize the movement of newly entering vehicles with those already traveling. Automatic control here should allow for smooth merging without the usual uncertainties and potential for accidents. And once a vehicle had se
40、ttled into automated travel, the driver would be free to release the wheel, open the morning paper or just relax.（分数：10.00）(1).We learn from the first paragraph that two systems of automated highways _.（分数：2.00）A.are being plannedB.are being proposedC.are now in wide useD.are under construction(2).A
41、 special purpose lane system is probably advantageous in that _.（分数：2.00）A.it would require only minor changes to existing highwaysB.it would achieve the greatest highway traffic efficiencyC.it has a lane for both automated and partially automated vehiclesD.it offers more lanes for automated vehicle
42、s(3).Which of the following is true about driving on an automated highway?（分数：2.00）A.Vehicles traveling on it are assigned different lanes according to their destinationsB.A car can join existing traffic any time in a mixed lane systemC.The driver should inform his car computer of his destination be
43、fore driving onto itD.The driver should share the automated lane with those of regular vehicles(4).We know from the passage that a car can enter a special purpose lane _.（分数：2.00）A.by smoothly merging with cars on the conventional laneB.by way of a ramp with electronic control devicesC.through a spe
44、cially guarded gateD.after all trespassers are identified and removed(5).When driving in an automated lane, the driver _.（分数：2.00）A.should harmonize with newly entering carsB.doesn“t have to rely on his computer systemC.should watch out for potential accidentsD.doesn“t have to hold on to the steerin
45、g wheel七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a s
46、eries of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they ar
47、gue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry mean
48、s that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive“ shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government“s Surfa
49、ce Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone“s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It“s a theory to which many economists subs
