1、GCT 工程硕士（英语）-试卷 30 及答案解析(总分：134.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Vocabulary and Struc(总题数：11，分数：22.00)1.Part I Vocabulary and StructureDirections: There are ten incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your
2、 answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.（分数：2.00）_2.These two areas are similar _ they both have a high rainfall during this season.（分数：2.00）A.to thatB.besides thatC.in thatD.except that3.The tomato juice left brown _ on the front of my jacket.（分数：2.00）A.spotB.pointC.trackD
3、.trace4.The committee is totally opposed _ any changes being made in the plans.（分数：2.00）A.ofB.onC.toD.against5.When he realized the police had spotted him, the man the exit as quickly as possible.（分数：2.00）A.made offB.made forC.made outD.made up6.I was advised to arrange for insurance _ I needed medi
4、cal treatment.（分数：2.00）A.neverthelessB.althoughC.incaseD.so that7.I didn“t _ to take a taxi but I had to as I was late.（分数：2.00）A.assumeB.supposeC.meanD.hope8.The hours _ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life peo
5、ple.（分数：2.00）A.in whichB.on whichC.whenD.that9.I“d rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than _ a room with someone else.（分数：2.00）A.shareB.to shareC.sharingD.to have shared10.So many directors _, the board meeting had to be put off.（分数：2.00）A.were absentB.been absentC.had been absentD.b
6、eing absent11.On New Year“s Eve, New York City holds an outdoor _ which attracts a crowd of a million or more people.（分数：2.00）A.incidentB.eventC.caseD.affair二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：50.00)12.Part II Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are four passages, each followed by five q
7、uestions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.（分数：10.00）_The climate of Earth is changing. Climatologists are confident that over the past century,
8、the global average surface temperature has increased by about half a degree Celsius. This warming is thought to be at least partly the result of human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests for agriculture. As the global population grows and national economies ex
9、pand, the global average temperature is expected to continue increasing by an additional 1.0 to 3.5 by the year 2100. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing humankind. Understanding the potential impacts of climate change for natural ecosystems is essential if we are
10、 going to manage our environment to minimize the negative consequences of climate change and maximize the opportunities that it may offer. Because natural ecosystems are complex, nonlinear systems, it follows that their responses to climate change are likely to be complex. Climate change may affect
11、natural ecosystems in a variety of ways. In the short term, climate change can alter the mix of plant species in land ecosystems such as grasslands. In the long term, climate change has the potential to dramatically alter the geographic distribution of major vegetation typessavannas, forests, and cl
12、imate change can also potentially alter global ecosystem processes, including the cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Moreover, changes in these ecosystem processes can affect and be affected by changes in the plant species of the ecosystem and vegetation type. All of the climate ch
13、angeinduced alterations of natural ecosystems affect the services that these ecosystems provide to humans. The global average surface temperature increase of half a degree. Celsius observed over the past century has been in part due to differential changes in daily maximum and minimum temperatures,
14、resulting in a narrowing of the diurnal temperature range. Decreases in the diurnal temperature range were first identified in the United States, where large-area trends showed that maximum temperatures have remained constant or increased only slightly, whereas minimum temperatures have increased at
15、 a faster rate. In this issue, Alward et al report on the different sensitivities of rangeland plants to minimum temperatures increases.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for the global warming?（分数：2.00）A.The burning of fuels such as coal or oil.B.The clearing of fores
16、ts.C.The cultivation of farmland.D.The negative consequences of human activities.(2).The second paragraph is primarily concerned with_.（分数：2.00）A.the potential impacts of climate change for natural ecosystemsB.how to minimize the negative consequences of climate changeC.how to maximize the opportuni
17、ties that climate change may offerD.the complex, nonlinear nature of natural ecosystems(3).According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the temperature increases observed over the past century?（分数：2.00）A.Increases of daily maximum temperatures.B.Decreases of daily minimum temperature
18、s.C.Increases of diurnal temperature range.D.Decreases in the diurnal temperature range.(4).In subsequent paragraphs, we may expect the writer of this passage to_.（分数：2.00）A.discuss the global impacts of temperatures increasesB.present a point of view which supports the idea of the second paragraphC
19、.introduce Alward“s report on the different sensitivities of rangeland plants to minimum temperatures increasesD.further illustrate the causes of the global average surface temperature increases(5).The word “diurnal“(Line 3, Para 3) is closest in meaning to_.（分数：2.00）A.day-and-night“sB.everydayC.two
20、 daysD.yearlyMany objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearances were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers-using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objec
21、ts that a technologist thinks about can“t be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details, and
22、rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them. The creative shaping process of a technologist“s mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might
23、 impress individual ways of non-verbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of tightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should be the valves played? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that ar
24、e supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form Some decisions, such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary. Design courses, then, sho
25、uld be an essential element in engineering curricula, nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed, to entail “hard thinking“, nonverbal thought is sometimes seen
26、 as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historica
27、l record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools; If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical probl
28、em-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical sys
29、tem. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.（分数：10.00）(1).In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with_.（分数：2.00）A.ident
30、ifying the kinds of thinking that are used by technologistsB.stressing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering designC.proposing a new role for nonscientific thinking in the development of technologyD.criticizing engineering schools for emphasizing science in engineering curricula(2).It
31、can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curricula are_.（分数：2.00）A.strengthened when they include courses in designB.strong because nonverbal thinking is still emphasized by most of the courseC.strong despite the errors that graduates of such curricula have made in the development of autom
32、atic control systemsD.strong despite the absence of nonscientific modes of thinking(3).The main point of the first two paragraphs can best be illustrated as_.（分数：2.00）A.when a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions, it is the technologist who is best equipped to repair itB.a telephone is a comple
33、x instrument designed by technologists using only nonverbal thoughtC.the designer of a new refrigerator should consider the designs of other refrigerators before deciding on its formD.the distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect its designer“s conceptualization as well as the physical req
34、uirements of its site(4).The example of the early models of high-speed railroad cars is used to_.（分数：2.00）A.weaken the point that math is a necessary part of the study of designB.support the idea that errors in modem engineering systems are likely to increaseC.illustrate the topic that courses in de
35、sign are the most effective cost-reducing meansD.exemplify the thesis that inadequate attention to nonscientific design may result in poor design(5).The author seems to be in agreement of which of the following?（分数：2.00）A.Mathematical thinking is essential to any design course.B.Non-verbal thinking
36、has its advantage over other perceptive processes.C.Engineering design demands scientific thought.D.Artists play a primitive role in engineering work.We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 748 hours“ sleep alternating with some 16,417 hours“ wakefulness and that, broadl
37、y speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified. The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a questi
38、on of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in
39、 industry that shifts are changed every week: a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p. m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent
40、 neither working nor sleeping very efficiently. The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of distur
41、bed sleep find other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work. This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate
42、day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the Changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal day-time work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at n
43、ight; when they change to night work the pattern will only adjust gradually back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals o
44、f two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far; however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.（分数：10.00）(1).Why is the question of “how ea
45、sily people can get used to working at flight“ no mere academic one?（分数：2.00）A.Because few people like to reverse the cycle of sleep and wakefulness.B.Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.C.Because people are required to work at night in some fields of industry.D.Because shift
46、 work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.(2).The main problem of the round-the-clock working system lies in_.（分数：2.00）A.the inconveniences brought about to, the workers by the introduction of automationB.the disturbance of the daily cycle of workers who have to change shifts
47、 too frequentlyC.the fact that people working at night are often less effectiveD.the fact that it is difficult to find a number of good night workers(3).It is possible to find out if a person has adapted to the changes of routine by measuring his body temperature because_.（分数：2.00）A.body temperature
48、 changes when the cycle of sleep and wakefulness alternatesB.body temperature changes when he changes to night shift or backC.the temperature reverses when the routine is changedD.people have higher temperatures when they are working efficiently(4).Which of the following statements is NOT tree?（分数：2
49、.00）A.Body temperature may serve as an indication of a worker“s performance.B.The selection of a number of permanent night shift workers has proved to be the best solution to problems of the round-the-clock working system.C.Taking body temperature at regular intervals can show how a person adapts to the changes of routine.D.Di
