1、2017年医学博士外语真题试卷二（精选）及答案解析(总分：126.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.Section A（分数：2.00）_2.Tennessees population is nearly two-fifths rural, and no single city or group of cities_the state.（分数：2.00）A.dominatesB.managesC.manipulatesD.controls3.How is it possible that such_deception has come to take place right under our
2、noses?（分数：2.00）A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread4.Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from_on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.（分数：2.00）A.configurationB.constitutionC.condemnationD.contamination5.Nothing is so uncertain as the fashion market whe
3、re one style_over another before being replaced.（分数：2.00）A.dominatesB.manipulatesC.overwhelmsD.prevails6.Danish research shows that the increase in obese people in Denmark is roughly_to the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.（分数：2.00）A.equivalentB.temporaryC.permanentD.relevant7.Ted was fe
4、lled by a massive stroke that affected his balance and left him barely able to speak_.（分数：2.00）A.bluntlyB.intelligiblyC.reluctantlyD.ironically8.In a technology-intensive enterprise, computers_all processes of the production and management.（分数：2.00）A.dominateB.overwhelmC.substituteD.imitate9.Rheumat
5、ologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to_ the problem.（分数：2.00）A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate10.We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving_to our anger.（分数：2.00）A.ventB.impulseC.temperD.offence11.Although most dre
6、ams apparently happen_, dream activity may be provoked by external influences.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.homogeneouslyD.instantaneously12.Section B（分数：2.00）_13.Then a strong current of electrons follows that path from the cloud to the ground, and it is that current that lights the cha
7、nnel as the lightning we see.（分数：2.00）A.opensB.completesC.illuminatesD.electrifies14.He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.（分数：2.00）A.successorB.replacementC.surrogateD.choice15.It had over 2, 000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial
8、 workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.（分数：2.00）A.ancientB.carefullyC.very largeD.carefully protected16.When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest
9、in taking care of themselves.（分数：2.00）A.extremelyB.exclusivelyC.exactlyD.explicitly17.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.（分数：2.00）A.amelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD.duplicated18.The anxious parent was vigilant over the inju
10、red child in spite of a full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.（分数：2.00）A.preoccupiedB.unwaryC.watchfulD.dozing19.It was reported that bacteria contaminated up to 80% of domestic retail raw chicken in the United States.（分数：2.00）A.inflamedB.inflictedC.infectedD.infiltrated20.Researchers r
11、ecently ran the numbers on gun violence in the United States and reported that right-to-carry-gun laws do not inhibit violent crime.（分数：2.00）A.curbB.induceC.lessenD.impel21.Regardless of our uneasiness about stereotypes , numerous studies have shown clear difference between Chinese and western paren
12、ting.（分数：2.00）A.specificationsB.sensationsC.conventionsD.conservations22.The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.（分数：2.00）A.waveredB.instigatedC.experimentedD.relied三、Part Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)It was the kind of research t
13、hat gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. (One theory behind the 1918 versions sudden demise after wreaking so much devastation was that it mutated to a nonlethal form. ) The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. P
14、arsing this animal-human【C1】_could provide clues to【C2】_the next potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu. This potential killer also has a number: 59 percent. According to the World Health Organization, nearly three-fifths of the people who【C3】_H5N1 si
15、nce 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported【C4】_humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious【C5】_occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe. ) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only【C6】_cas
16、es in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospital for treatment【C7】_. compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly 50 million people, but that was only 10 percent of the number of people infected, according to a 2006 estimate. H5N1s saving gra
17、ce and the only reason were not running around masked up in public right nowis that the strain doesnt jump from birds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But【C8】_its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far m
18、ore transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding, with labs【C9】_the viruss molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and【C10】_to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.interactB.interfaceC.connecti
19、onD.contamination(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.stoppingB.stoppedC.have stoppedD.stop(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.contactedB.contractedC.concentratedD.infected(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.onB.inC.ofD.with(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.breakoutB.take placeC.happenD.outbreak(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.accountsB.numbersC.countsD.takes(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.M
20、oreoverB.StillC.FurthermoreD.Thereafter(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.givenB.givingC.to giveD.speaking of(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.parsingB.parsedC.to parseD.having parsed(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.presentlyB.potentiallyC.potentlyD.importantly四、Part Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)Planes may account for only 2 per cent of the
21、 worlds carbon emissions, but it is a figure destined to rise. The aviation industry is expanding at a dramatic rate, around 5 percent a year. Twice as many passengers are likely to be passing through British airports in 2020 compared with today, and three times by 2030. As the developed world ackno
22、wledges climate change warnings, the carbon emissions from other industries will fall. The aviation industrys output will therefore account for an even larger percentage of emissions. One calculation, by the Climate Change Research (CCR), suggests the U. K. aviation industry could end up accounting
23、for every gram of our carbon quota by 2040. Such calculations suppose aircraft designers cannot clean up their act, a suggestion firmly rejected by experts who point to a massive research program aimed at cutting fuel use by planes by around 50 percent by 2020, a move that would also halve their car
24、bon emissions. To reach that aim, a key factor will be lightweight composites, materials made of several components, including carbon fibres. These are as strong and flexible as metal but as light as plasti C. Planes such as the Airbus A340 are already made of material that is 10 percent carbon comp
25、osite. This cuts weight, decreases fuel use and reduces carbon emission. The next generation of aircrafts, will make even more use of composites: a tremendous saving in weight, fuel and carbon. Then there is the simple matter of air traffic control. At present, individual countries have their own ro
26、utes for aircraft crossing their airspaces. “Essentially aircraft travel on dog-legs across Europe, and that is very inefficient in terms of fuel use, “ said Dr. John Green, of the Royal Aeronautical Society. “We need to rationalize air traffic control so that planes fly in straight, energy-efficien
27、t lines, an idea that is now being discussed in the EU. “ Finally, there is aviation fuel. Making it ecologically friendly poses the greatest challenges of all. Biofuels can be used as petrol and diesel substitutes for cars and lorries, but not in planes. “Biofuel is essentially alcohol, and that bu
28、rns at the wrong temperature for aircraft engines, “ says Green. “We can use coal to make kerosene, which we could burn in aircraft engines, but that does not help the issue of global warming, of course. “ But this does not stop scientists from dreaming. One idea, put forward by the U. S. geneticist
29、 Craig Venter last week, would be to create micro-organisms, fitted with artificial chromosomes, which could convert sunlight into fuels that could be burnt in aircraft. These would not involve burning fossil carbon and would be the perfect green fuel. It is still a far-off prospect but realistic, s
30、ay biologists.（分数：10.00）(1).The fact that passengers passing British airports will double or even triple indicates that_.（分数：2.00）A.the British aviation industry is growing very rapidlyB.more and more British people tend to choose flying when travelingC.the aviation industry develops much faster tha
31、n other industries in developed countriesD.the aviation industry will cause more pollutants when compared with other industries(2).The experts in aviation industry disapproved the claim by the CCR because_.（分数：2.00）A.the calculation of aviation industrys carbon emission is based on prediction instea
32、d of factsB.the figure calculated is much more than the experts in aviation industry expectedC.airlines are also making great efforts to reduce their oil consumption and carbon emissionsD.the experts didnt agree with the way of their calculation of the carbon emissions by planes(3).People are using
33、more composites in making aircrafts mainly because_.（分数：2.00）A.composites themselves are very light, strong and as flexible as metalB.composites can reduce the plane weight leading to less fuel consumption and carbon emissionsC.composites can cause less carbon emissions in the process of lyingD.comp
34、osites are less expensive than metal(4).In order to reduce carbon emissions, airlines can_.（分数：2.00）A.change air traffic routes to make it straight and shorter for a flightB.use lighter materials like composites in building a planeC.reduce the number of engines on a plane to cut weightD.produce envi
35、ronment-friendly fuels(5).According to the text, what can we learn about aviation fuels?（分数：2.00）A.Biofuels can be used as replacement for vehicles as well as planes.B.Neither biofuels nor coals can be used for planes.C.The idea of green fuel is to change solar energy into fuels.D.The idea of green-
36、fuel, which is only an illusion, is challenged and doubted by scientists.This issue of Science contains announcements for more than 100 different Gorgon Research Conferences, on topics that range from atomic physics to developmental biology. The brainchild (某人的主意) of Neil Gordon of Johns Hopkins Uni
37、versity, these week-long meetings are designed to promote intimate, informal discussions of frontier science. Often confined to fewer than 125 attendees, they have traditionally been held in remote places with minimal distractions. Beginning in the early 1960s, I attended the summer Nucleic Acids Go
38、rdon Conference in rural New Hampshire, sharing austere (简朴的) dorm facilities in a private boys school with randomly assigned roommates. As a beginning scientist, I found the question period after each talk especially fascinating, providing valuable insights into the personalities and ways of thinki
39、ng of many senior scientists whom I had not encountered previously. Back then, there were no cellphones and no Internet, and all of the speakers seemed to stay for the entire week. During the long, session-free afternoons, graduate students mingled freely with professors. Many lifelong friendships w
40、ere begun, and as Gordon intended new scientific collaborations began. Leap forward to today, and every scientist can gain immediate access to a vast store of scientific thought and to millions of other scientists via the Internet. Why, nevertheless, do in-person scientific meetings remain so valuab
41、le for a life in science? Part of the answer is that science works best when there is a deep mutual trust and understanding between the collaborators, which is hard to develop from a distance. But most important is the critical role that face-to-face scientific meetings play in stimulating a random
42、collision of ideas and approaches. The best science occurs when someone combines the knowledge gained by other scientists in non-obvious ways to create a new understanding of how the world works. A successful scientist needs to deeply believe, whatever the problem being tackled, that there is always
43、 a better way to approach that problem than the path currently being taken. The scientist is then constantly on the alert for new paths to take in his or her work, which is essential for making breakthroughs. Thus, as much as possible, scientific meetings should be designed to expose the attendees t
44、o ways of thinking and techniques that are different from the ones that they already know.（分数：10.00）(1).Assembled at Gordon Research Conference are those who_.（分数：2.00）A.are physicists and biologistsB.just start doing their sciencesC.stay in the forefront of scienceD.are accomplished senior scientis
45、ts(2).Speaking of the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference, the author thinks highly of_.（分数：2.00）A.the personalities of senior scientistsB.the question period after each talkC.the austere facilities aroundD.the week-long duration(3).It can be inferred from the author that the value of the in-pers
46、on scientific conference_.（分数：2.00）A.does not change with timesB.can be explored online exclusivelyC.lies in exchanging the advances in life scienceD.is questioned in establishing a vast store of ideas(4).The author believes that the face-to-face scientific conferences can help the attendees better_
47、.（分数：2.00）A.understand what making a breakthrough means to themB.expose themselves to novel ideas and new approachesC.foster the passion for doing scienceD.tackle the same problem in science(5).What would the author most probably talk about in the following paragraphs?（分数：2.00）A.How to explore scien
48、tific collaborations.B.How to make scientific breakthroughs.C.How to design scientific meetings.D.How to think like a genius.Back in 1896, the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius realized that by burning coal we were adding carbon dioxide to the air, and that this would warm the Earth. But he mentioned the issue only in passing (顺便地) , for his calculations suggested it would not become a problem for thousands of years. Others thought that the oceans would soak up any extra CO 2 , so there was nothing much to worry about. That this latter argument has persisted to
