1、2012年对外经济贸易大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：104.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、阅读理解(总题数：2，分数：20.00)Even if the US“s massive financial rescue operation succeeds, it should be followed by something even more far-reachingthe establishment of a Global Monetary Authority to oversee markets that have become borderless. Washingt
2、on recognizes that the crisis has become global. Hank Paulson, Treasury secretary, has said that foreign banks operating in the US will be eligible for federal assistance and he is urging other nations to fashion their own bail-out programs. Central banks have also been synchronizing injections of f
3、unds into markets. These should be steps to a more comprehensive international response designed not just to extinguish the current fires, but to rebuild and maintain the capital markets for the longer term. The current global institutional apparatus is woefully incapable of overseeing the financial
4、 system that is evolving. The International Monetary Fund is irrelevant to this crisis, the Group of Seven leading industrial countries lacks legitimacy in a world where China, Brazil and others are big players, and the Bank for International Settlement has no operational role. The US Federal Reserv
5、e is too besieged to act as a global central bank. That vacuum at the centre is dangerous for everyone. The US“s dependence on massive inflows of foreign capital, roughly $3bn(2bn, 1.6bn)a day, will surely increase now as Uncle Sam acquires $1 , 000bn in new obligations from current bail-outs. For y
6、ears to come, Wall Street and Washington will be unable to manage without strong co-operation from other markets. Beyond that, the international dimensions of finance are mind-boggling. Global assets have increased from $12, 000bn in 1980 to nearly $200, 000bn in 2007, far outstripping the growth of
7、 gross domestic product or the expansion of trade. An increasing amount of this capital now resides in Asia and the Gulf, not the US or Europe. A US company such as AIG sold more of its credit default swaps and insurance policies outside the US than within it. UBS employs 30, 000 Americans, is liste
8、d on the New York Stock Exchange and owns Paine Webber. The capital markets will evolve in the context in which emerging market economies will be growing twice as fast as the rich nations and will, by mid-century, probably account for almost two-thirds of global GDP. Globalization will now also crea
9、te a clash of philosophies. Most governments and investors outside the US never shared the American system of cowboy capitalism. Now they have good reason to demand that some fundamental changes be made in the way the US manages its financial institutions. This can happen with a conscious, negotiate
10、d modification in the US financial model, or it could result from foreign investors shifting their funds elsewhere. All of these considerations point to the eventual need for a new Global Monetary Authority. It would set the tone for capital markets in a way that would not be viscerally opposed to a
11、 strong public oversight function with rules for intervention, and would return to capital formation the goal of economic growth and development rather than trading for its own sake. In terms of US and international politics, a Global Monetary Authority is probably an idea whose time has not yet com
12、e. That may change as today“s crisis evolves.（分数：10.00）(1).The American government considers their bail-out programs in the US_.（分数：2.00）A.an example to follow by other nations in order to save the capital marketB.the first steps to be taken to prevent an international crisis from breaking outC.nece
13、ssary measures available to all the banks in both the US and abroadD.significant in dealing with both the current crisis and the future crisis(2).Which of the following is the main idea for Paragraph 3?（分数：2.00）A.No financial organization is responsible for this crisis except Wall Street.B.The US Fe
14、deral Reserve is too weak to play a role in fighting the crisis.C.Only the cooperation of the global market can change the current situation.D.The US needs more help from other countries, but help is not available.(3).The world capital markets have been changing in terms of_.（分数：2.00）A.speedB.sizeC.
15、geographical focusD.all the above(4).Which of the following will NOT happen due to the clashes between philosophies?（分数：2.00）A.No government will share the American financial system.B.The American government is asked to change their financial system.C.There will be discussions between the US and oth
16、er nations.D.Some nations may choose to invest in places outside the US.(5).The future Global Monetary Authority is expected to_, according to the author.（分数：2.00）A.oversee the monetary activities of all the countriesB.intervene in the capital formation and tradeC.help improve the international trad
17、eD.promote economic growth and developmentWe would all like to think that humankind is getting smarter and wiser and that our past blunders won“t be repeated. Bookshelves are filled with such reassuring pronouncements. Encouraging forecasts rest in part on the belief that we can learn the right less
18、ons from the past and cast discredited ideas onto the ash heap of history, where they belong. Those who think that humanity is making steady if fitful progress might point to the gradual spread of more representative forms of government, the largely successful campaign to eradicate slavery, the dram
19、atic improvements in public health over the past two centuries, the broad consensus that market systems outperform centrally planned economies, or the growing recognition that action must be taken to address humanity“s impact on the environment. An optimist might also point to the gradual decline in
20、 global violence since the Cold War. In each case, one can plausibly argue that human welfare improved as new knowledge challenged and eventually overthrew popular dogmas, including cherished but wrongheaded ideas, from aristocracy to mercantilism that had been around for centuries. Yet this sadly t
21、urns out to be no universal law; There is no inexorable evolutionary march that replaces our bad, old ideas with smart, new ones. If anything, the story of the last few decades of international relations can just as easily be read as the maddening persistence of dubious thinking. Misguided notions a
22、re frustratingly resilient, hard to stamp out, no matter how much trouble they have caused in the past and no matter how many scholarly studies have undermined their basic claims. Consider, for example, the infamous “ domino theory, “ kicking around in one form or another since President Dwight D. E
23、isenhower“s 1954 “falling dominoes“ speech. During the Vietnam War, plenty of serious people argued that a U. S. withdrawal from Vietnam would undermine America“s credibility around the world and trigger a wave of pro-Soviet realignments. No significant dominoes fell after US troops withdrew in 1975
24、, however, and it was the Berlin Wall that eventually toppled instead. Various scholars examined the domino theory in detail and found little historical or contemporary evidence to support it. Although the domino theory seemed to have been dealt a fatal blow in the wake of the Vietnam War, it has re
25、-emerged, phoenix-like, in the current debate over Afghanistan. We are once again being told that if the United States withdraws from Afghanistan before achieving a clear victory, its credibility will be called into question, al Qaeda and Iran will be emboldened, Pakistan could be imperiled, and NAT
26、O“s unity and resolve might be fatally compromised. Back in 2008, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called Afghanistan an “ important test of the credibility of NATO, “ and President Barack Obama made the same claim in late 2009 when he announced his decision to send 30, 000 more troops there. Oba
27、ma also justified his decision by claiming that a Taliban victory in Afghanistan would spread instability to Pakistan. Despite a dearth of evidence to support these alarmist predictions, it“s almost impossible to quash the fear that a single change in their strategy will unleash a cascade of falling
28、 dominoes. There are other cases in which the lessons of the pastsadly unlearnedshould have been even more obvious because they came in the form of truly devastating catastrophes. Germany“s defeat in World War I, for example, should seemingly have seared into Germans“ collective consciousness the le
29、sson that trying to establish hegemony in Europe was almost certain to lead to disaster. Yet a mere 20 years later, Adolf Hitler led Germany into another world war to achieve that goal, only to suffer an even more devastating defeat. Why is it so hard for states to learn from history and, especially
30、, from their own mistakes? And when they do learn, why are some of those lessons so easily forgotten? Moreover, why do discredited ideas come back into fashion when there is no good reason to resurrect them? Clearly, learning the right lessonsand remembering them over timeis a lot harder than it see
31、ms. But why?（分数：10.00）(1).The author would agree to the following statement EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.it is true that books can serve as testimony to many wrong ideasB.people learn lessons from the past and abandon their mistaken notions for goodC.it is believed that people become wiser so that mistakes ar
32、e not repeatedD.the optimistic forecast about humanity is grounded partly on its steady progress(2).Looking back on history there is enough evidence for the following EXCEPT _.（分数：2.00）A.there has been a revival of domino theory even after heavy blowsB.aristocracy and mercantilism are wrong notions
33、in our traditionC.an improved human welfare only seems to be trueD.the Germans did not stop trying to establish hegemony in Europe(3).The US government claims the withdrawal from Afghanistan will not benefit America and_.（分数：2.00）A.al Qaeda and IranB.NATOC.PakistanD.both B and C(4).The word “discred
34、ited“ is used twice in the passage. It means_.（分数：2.00）A.incorrectB.shamefulC.reputableD.rejected(5).The author uses_to illustrate his opinion.（分数：2.00）A.examplesB.comparisonC.quotationsD.statistics二、选词填空(总题数：2，分数：20.00)Choose the correct headings for each of the following paragraphs marked with B t
35、o F. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET(15 points). List of Headings i. Can unhappy consumers vote “No“? ii. Affluence does not free us from worries. iii. One dropout, one voteformula for disaster. iV. A large population does not fit in this hi-tech era. V. What are the long term consequences? Vi
36、. The consumer activists intervene as the Third-Party. Vii. Where does the motivation come from? Viii. What is the price we pay? iX. A horde of economic parasites poses the big problem. Example Answer Paragraph A ii A In America today people work fewer hours, have more security and real wealth than
37、ever before, and yet we are an unhappy people involved in much social dissent. We are frustrated over poverty, equal rights, changing social mores, campus revolt, pollution, and our environment. The things we worry about today were, of course, problems years ago, but we were too busy, too insecure,
38、too poor to do much about them. Perhaps we should be thankful for the affluence that has made it possible for us to move these “old problems“ upward on our scale of priorities. At the same time we should recognize that while affluence provides the means it does not necessarily provide the wisdom for
39、 instantly coping with the complex social problems now concerning us. B Until quite recently, we have been so busy growing in an industrial sense, and we have enjoyed the fruits of our labor so much, that we have had little time or resources to devote to those broad social problems created by our ra
40、pidly advancing technology. No small part of this technological advance has been in agriculture. Those persons left in agriculture today are the economic survivors of the greatest mass migration in the history of man. Had there been no out-migration from agriculture over the past 35 years, our prese
41、nt farm population would be 65 million rather than 10 million. This sudden displacement includes many who have neither the capacity nor yen to learn and master a new professionmany who find it disagreeable to work by the clock and calendar. Many of these are the technological dropouts who are in tro
42、ublewho are both a burden and responsibility of our modern societywho are a source of discontent in this time of affluence. C Numbered among the dropouts and other technological misfits are many of our youth who, supported by affluent parents, have not had to worry much about becoming productive cit
43、izens. Suddenly we are aware of a large and growing group living on the leavings of a highly productive society. Earlier societies have had their leisure classes but never before in history has so large a proportion of a society been free of the worries of seeking the bare essentials of food, shelte
44、r, and clothing. The perplexing problem facing us is how to absorb these technological dropouts and make them productive. D This growing horde of economic parasites takes on a very serious meaning in a one-member, one-vote democratic society. Still in the minority, their presence is largely manifest
45、ed in social meddlingin contemplation about the welfare of their fellow man. One such movement we vaguely call consumerism, in which activists champion issues which appear to be beneficial to consumers. The term implies protection of the consumer, but the flood of proposals for ways and means of pro
46、tecting the consumer are not generally traceable to those seeking protection for themselves. To the contrary, the specific issues of consumerism are initiated by those who, for assorted reasons, seek to protect others from harm. E The consumer activists obviously range from selfish to unselfish, fro
47、m dishonest to honest, from thoughtless to well informed. Whatever their motives, they contend that consumers should be protected from physical and economic harm, that consumers should be informed and educated in product knowledge, that consumers should have a choice in the market place, and finally
48、 that consumers should have proper legal redress for wrongs. Such virtuous aims seem undebatable until one realizes that under consumerism they are subject to third-party interpretation which may or may not be in the consumer interest. The third-party values can always be made to appear rational, an
49、d are often vigorously supported by the general public. As a result, innumerable laws and regulations are rapidly displacing the free decision of the individual in the market place, and the right of the consumer to choose increasingly becomes a mockery. F Risk is inherent in every consumer purchase. The efforts of man to eliminate risk in the market place are pointless because the reduction of one kind of risk must always be accompanied by a compensating increase in another kind of risk. The cost of protection is deprivation. We can, if we des
