1、2011 年国际关系学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：14.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.back-formation（分数：2.00）_2.interlanguage（分数：2.00）_3.syllabus（分数：2.00）_4.LAD（分数：2.00）_二、简答题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)5.Explain and distinguish between linguistic competence and communicative competence.(15 points)（分数：2.00）_6.Discuss and sp
2、ecify the Cooperative Principle.(15 points)（分数：2.00）_7.Illustrate the fundamental differences, as widely believed, between human language and other animals“ way of communication.(25 points)（分数：2.00）_2011 年国际关系学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案解析(总分：14.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.back-formation（分数：2.00）_正确答案
3、：(正确答案：It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.)解析：解析：(考查逆构词法)2.interlanguage（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The concept of interlanguage was established as learners“ independent system of the secon
4、d language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum among the target language and the learner“s native language. It“s imperfect compared with the target language, but it is not mere translation from the learner“s native language.)解析：解析：(考查中介语)3.syllabus（分数：2.
5、00）_正确答案：(正确答案：A syllabus is a specification of what takes place in the classroom, which usually contains the aims and contents of teaching and sometimes contains suggestions of methodology.)解析：解析：(考查教学大纲)4.LAD（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Chomsky believes that language is innate, and that children are born
6、with a Language Acquisition Device(LAD), which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning, and this kind of knowledge is universal. This approach is a reaction against behaviorism in psychology and empiricism in philosophy, making linguistics a branch of psychology. According
7、 to Chomsky, LAD consists of three elements; a hypothesis-maker, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.)解析：解析：(考查乔姆斯基提出的语言习得机制)二、简答题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)5.Explain and distinguish between linguistic competence and communicative competence.(15 points)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Noam Chomsky“s competenc
8、e refers to grammatical knowledge of the ideal language user and has nothing to do with the actual use of language in concrete situations. Although Chomsky“s “rule-governed creativity“ aptly describes a child“s mushrooming grammar at the age of 3 or 4, it doesn“t, according to Hymes, account suffici
9、ently for the social and functional rules of language.(5 points) Hymes“ communicative competence, then, is that aspect of competence that enables the speakers to convey and interpret messages and to negotiate meanings interpersonally within specific contexts. Communicative competence is relative, no
10、t absolute, and depends on the cooperation of all the participants involved. Communicative competence includes not only the ability to form correct sentences but to use them at appropriate times. The basic idea of communicative competence is the ability to use language appropriately, both receptivel
11、y and productively, in real situations.(6 points) Communicative competence can be defined, in terms of three components. The first is grammatical competence, which involves the accurate use of words and structures. The second is sociolinguistic competence, which enables the learner to know to speak
12、properly according to the social context. The third is called strategic competence, the ability to overcome potential communication problems in interaction.(4 points)解析：解析：考查语言能力和交际能力的区别。能力这个概念最初是由乔姆斯基提出的。它指的是理想的语言使用者所具有的语法知识，与具体环境中语言的实际使用没有任何关系。交际能力则是由DHHymes 提出的，有四个方面的内容：可能性、可行性、得体性、语言应用。Hymes 认为，
13、学习者不仅要知道句子在语法上是合格的，而且要知道句子的含义是得体的。交际能力强调话语发生的语境。6.Discuss and specify the Cooperative Principle.(15 points)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：This is the principle suggested by Grice about the regularity in conversation, which reads “ Make your conversational contribution such as required, at the stage at which i
14、t occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. “ There are four categories of maxims under it, namely, quantity maxims, quality maxims, relation maxim, and manner maxims.(5 points) The maxim of quantity; i. Make your contribution as informative as requi
15、red(for the current purpose of the exchange); ii. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. The maxim of quality; Try to make your contribution one that is true. i. Do not say what you believe to be false; ii. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. The maxim of
16、relation; It means the utterance should be relevant. The maxim of manner; It means the utterance should be perspicuous, i. Avoid obscurity of expression; ii. Avoid ambiguity; iii. Be brief(avoid unnecessary prolixity); iv. Be orderly.(8 points) The cooperative principle and its component maxims are
17、not prescriptive, instead, they means to describe what actually happens in the real conversation.(2 points)解析：解析：考查合作原则。合作原则是格赖斯在试图弄明白人们是怎样传达没有明确说出来的含义的过程中引人的。简而言之，合作原则是：使你所说的话，在其所发生的阶段，符合你所参与的交谈的公认目标或方向。具体来说，合作原则有下面四条准则：数量准则、质量准则、关系准则、方式准则。这四条准则并非是规范性的，并不是在告诉说话人应该怎样做，而是意图描写会话中实际发生的事情。7.Illustrate t
18、he fundamental differences, as widely believed, between human language and other animals“ way of communication.(25 points)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：1)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language, i. e. human-speci
19、fic, vocal, arbitrary, symbolic and systematic.(3 points) 2)Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the differences between human language and any system of animal communication.(2 points) They are: (1)Arbitrariness; This is a core feature of language, which mean
20、s that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. This feature was first discussed by Saussure. There are different levels of arbitrariness; arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning; arbitrary at the syntactic level.(4 points) (2)Duality; It means the p
21、roperty of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. At the lower or basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the
22、 sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences.(4 points) Many animals communicate with special calls,
23、which have corresponding meanings. That is, the primary units have meanings but cannot be further divided into elements. So we say animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.(2 points) (3)Creativity; By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its dua
24、lity and its recursiveness. Because of duality, the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. Language is creative in another sense, that is, its potential to create endless sentences. That is to say,
25、 it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.(4 points) As we know, birds, bees, crabs, and most other creatures communicate in some way, but the information imparted is severely limited and confined to a small set of messages.(1 point) (4)Displacement: By displ
26、acement it means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalizations and abstractions. In a word, the inte
27、llectual benefits of displacement to us are that it makes it possible for us to talk and think in abstract terms.(4 points) On the other hand, most animals respond communicatively as soon as they are stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest, while human language is stimulus free.(1 point)解析：解析：考查人类语言和动物交流系统的区别。语言是人类用以口头交流的任意的符号系统。该定义包含五个要素：人类、口头、任意、符号、系统。人类语言与动物的交流系统的不同之处在于它的一些本质特征。人类语言的区别性特征包括：任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性，而动物的交流系统则不具备这些特征。
