1、2011 年南京师范大学考博英语真题试卷及答案解析(总分：108.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)A close analogy to study design is the rough sketch made by an artist before he commits his vision to canvas. The broad outlines are drawn, the proper perspective achieved, and the total impact of the picture-to-be
2、can be partially appreciated in advance. So it is with the design of research; it specifies in advance the kinds of statements that can be made on the basis of its findings and fix the perspectives against which these findings are to be evaluated. One major purpose of this study was to demonstrate w
3、hether or not the newer social research techniques could help in broadening and deepening knowledge concerning juvenile delinquency. Construction of the design was guided by this goal of exploring new methods in the analysis of juvenile delinquency. However, research technique developed in one conte
4、nt cannot be mechanically transferred to another. A new application of a research technique requires substantial changes and it is these innovative modifications that this study offers as its contribution. Juvenile delinquency has been the subject of many previous studies using a variety of research
5、 techniques. This study makes an additional contribution by using a design specially planned to permit a comparison of several approaches. The drawing up of the study design profited greatly from an extensive survey of previous researches on crime, undertaken during the earliest stage of the project
6、. It was found that most studies could be classified as belonging study and personal motivation study. Each type has its characteristic design and mode of interpretation and each has produced information of considerable importance. Yet no attempt was made in any of the studies to integrate one or mo
7、re of these three design types. It became apparent that one of the major contributions a pilot study could make to both method and substantive findings would be to bring all three study types together in one design for the purpose of correlating their findings and evaluating their relative importanc
8、e in producing data of use to the practitioner.（分数：10.00）(1).The phrase “the project“(Paragraph 3)refers to_.（分数：2.00）A.an extensive research on crimeB.a foil exploration of research designsC.an elaborate investigation into new techniquesD.a comprehensive research of juvenile delinquency(2).In Parag
9、raph One, the author draws an analogy between_.（分数：2.00）A.a research and an artistB.doing research and drawing a sketchC.designing a research and making a sketchD.research finding and pictures perspectives(3).The major contribution of this study is to_.（分数：2.00）A.carry out a comprehensive analysis o
10、f juvenile delinquencyB.develop a new research technique easily transferred from one area to anotherC.modify creatively the previous research finding of juvenile delinquencyD.demonstrate the successful application of new research techniques in a new area(4).The subject under discussion in the passag
11、e is about_.（分数：2.00）A.a research design concerning juvenile delinquencyB.application of analogy in studying juvenile delinquencyC.crime and juvenile delinquencyD.extensive survey of researchers in juvenile delinquency(5).Three design types of previous researches are_.（分数：2.00）A.interrelated to each
12、 otherB.supplementary to each otherC.to be modified considerablyD.to be integrated into one designIn 1798 the political economist Malthus predicted that in time mankind would face starvation, having outgrown the available food supplies. Today, a century and a half later, there are still experts who
13、forecast the same global disaster unless urgent measures are taken to prevent it. By the end of the present century there may well be over five thousand million people living on this globe, ail increase of over fifty per cent of todays figure. In order to keep pace with this increase in mankind the
14、farmers of the world would have to step up their production of food by at least two per cent every year. Such a rate of increase has never been maintained in any country by conventional methods of agriculture, despite modern mechanization and the widespread use of fertilizers. There are no large wor
15、thwhile reserves of potential farmland, remaining, and good fertile land is continually being diverted to industrial use. Moreover, erosion of the soil takes a constant toll. Intensive research, carried out over many years in all manner of climatic conditions, has produced a revolutionary method of
16、growing crops without using any soil at all. Hydroponics, as this technique is called, may well be the answer to all our food worries. Already it has accomplished wonders in producing huge crops. Hydroponics was once a complicated and expensive business; now it is well out of the experimental stage.
17、 Labor costs are far lower than when normal methods of agriculture are employed. In fact, it is a completely automatic system. There is no hard manual work, no digging or plowing, and no weeding to speak of. Yields can be far higher than they are in soil.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following best sum
18、s up the whole passage?（分数：2.00）A.Hydroponics is a new development in agriculture.B.Malthus prediction has been proved to be correct by modern experts.C.Hydroponics may be the answer to the world food shortage in the future.D.Conventional methods of agriculture should be improved to step up food pro
19、duction by two per cent every year.(2).The phrase “having overgrown the available food supplies“ in the first paragraph implies that_.（分数：2.00）A.the available food supplies will be enough to feed world populationB.the earth is too exhausted to support its increasing populationC.world population will
20、 grow at a rate faster than food productionD.food supplies will be too much available for world population(3).According to the author, 2 percent annual increase in the production of food can not be achieved. Which of the following is not the explanation he gave for the problem?（分数：2.00）A.There are n
21、ot enough potential farmland reserves left.B.Land is being lost through erosion and industrialization.C.Conventional methods of agriculture are still prevailing all over the world.D.Modern mechanization and the use of fertilizers are not well popularized in the world.(4).Which of the following state
22、ments is not true of hydroponics?（分数：2.00）A.Hydroponics has created wonders in agriculture.B.Hydroponics is too complicated and expensive for practical use.C.Hydroponics is considered a revolutionary method of agriculture.D.Hydroponics has already been employed in food production.(5).Judging from th
23、e passage, the most important advantage of hydroponics should be_.（分数：2.00）A.higher yieldB.lower labor costsC.more automationD.less hard manual workI have long believed that trouble between the races is seldom what it appears to be. It was not hard to see after my first talks with students that raci
24、al tension on campus is a problem that misrepresents itself. It has the same look, the typical pattern, of Americas timeless racial conflict .white racism and black protest. And I think part of our concern over it comes from the fact that it has the feel of a relapse, illness gone and come again. Bu
25、t if we are seeing the same symptoms, I dont believe we are dealing with the same illness. For one thing, I think racial tension on campus is the result more of racial equality than inequality. How to live with racial difference has been Americas profound social problem. For the first 100 years or s
26、o following emancipation it was controlled by a legally approved inequality that acted as a buffer between the races. No longer is this the case. On campuses today, as throughout society, blacks enjoy equality under the law a profound social advancement. No student may be kept out of a class or a do
27、rmitory or an extracurricular activity because of his or her race. But there is a paradox here: On a campus where members of all races are gathered, mixed together in the classroom as well as socially, differences are more exposed than ever. And this is where the trouble starts. For members of each
28、race young adults coming into their own , often away from home for the first time bring to this site of freedom, exploration, and now, today, equality, very deep fears and anxieties, not fully developed feelings of racial shame, anger, and guilt. These feelings could lie hidden in the home, in famil
29、iar neighborhoods, in simpler days of childhood. But the college campus, with its structures of interaction and adult-level competition the big exam, the dorm, the “mixer“ is another matter. I think campus racism is born of the rub between racial difference and a setting, the campus itself, devoted
30、to interaction and equality. On our campuses, such concentrated micro-societies, all that remains unresolved between blacks and whites, all the old wounds and shames that have never been addressed, present themselves for attention-and present our youth with pressures they cannot always handle.（分数：10
31、.00）(1).According to the author,_.（分数：2.00）A.people have misunderstood the causes of racial tensionB.people dont understand the causes of racial tensionC.racial tension keeps the same typical pattern in historyD.racial tension on campus is the same as racial tension in society(2).Nowadays racial ten
32、sion on campus most probably starts with_.（分数：2.00）A.racial inequalityB.sudden awareness of racial differencesC.white racismD.racial Interaction and competition(3).The phrase “coming into their own“ on Line 8 of Paragraph 2 probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.entering their own homesB.showing their own value
33、sC.entering their own collegesD.having their own problems(4).When young adults enter college for the first time,_.（分数：2.00）A.they bring freedom and exploration to campusB.they suffer from racial inequality and differencesC.they bring with them fear, anxiety and other feelingsD.they suffer from compe
34、titions in big exams(5).The passage is mainly about_.（分数：2.00）A.racial inequality in American societyB.racial tension in American societyC.racial equality on campus and in societyD.the causes of racial tension on campusWhen I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I mig
35、ht become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with m
36、y family“. Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting“ has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality, I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all“ preached by Linda Kelsey for the
37、past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “ juggling your life “ and
38、 making the alternative move into “downshifting“ brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12 hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office po
39、litics and the limitations of being a parent on “duality time“. In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting also known in America as “voluntary simplicity“ has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed a
40、nticonsumerism. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives. There are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their ding-film to making their own so
41、ap. There are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-1990s equivalent of dropping out. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late-1980sand is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Brita
42、in, at least among the middle-class down-shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives. For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 1980s, downshifting in the mid-1990s is not so much a search for the mythical good life growin
43、g your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one as a personal recognition of your limitations.（分数：10.00）(1).The writer quit her full-time job because_.（分数：2.00）A.full-time employment is a new international trendB.she was compelled by circumstances to leave her jobC.she was inspired by th
44、e philosophy of “having it all“D.she was only too eager to spend more time with her family(2).“A lateral move“ in paragraph 1 means_.（分数：2.00）A.a change of responsibility but not positionB.advocating the notion of anti-consumerismC.a change from a lower position to a higher oneD.a change from a high
45、er position to a lower one(3).The writers experiment shows that downshifting_.（分数：2.00）A.enables her to realize her dreamB.helps her mold a new philosophy of lifeC.prompts her to abandon her high social statusD.leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine(4).“Juggling ones life“ probably mean_.（
46、分数：2.00）A.taking a non-materialistic lifestyleB.trying out a life with a bit of everythingC.living a life characterized by extreme stressD.advocating the notion of anti-consumerism(5).According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of_.（分数：2.00）A.the economic situationB.mans a
47、dventurous spiritC.the quick pace of modern lifeD.mans search for mythical experiences二、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：30，分数：60.00)1.He always has a lot of_ideas in his mind, and sometimes we do not even know what he is thinking about.（分数：2.00）A.novelB.minuteC.explicitD.solemn2.Much of the news provided b
48、y this newspaper is_, not foreign.（分数：2.00）A.domesticB.devilishC.unusualD.civilian3.The engineers in this lab spent several weeks_their plans for the new bicycle.（分数：2.00）A.countingB.strippingC.elaboratingD.casting4.In the Americans minds, there are boundaries that other people are simply not suppos
49、ed to cross. When the boundaries are crossed, Americans will_stiffen and their mariner will become cool.（分数：2.00）A.visiblyB.tragicallyC.uneasilyD.tremendously5.Free medical service is_to nearly all the college students in China.（分数：2.00）A.favoriteB.availableC.convenientD.average6.What he said in the meeting_everybody present.（分数：2.00）A.disgustedB.dismissedC.disposedD.disabled7.Without a proper education, people could_all kinds of crimes.（分数：2.0
