1、2010年南京大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：74.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For the definition given in each item in questions 11 to 15, find a matching word in the specified paragraph. The number given after each definition indicates the paragraph in which the word appears.(1x5)（分数：10.00）(1).pretension
2、to knowledge not possessed(2)（分数：2.00）_(2).adjustment(3)（分数：2.00）_(3).appearing periodically(4)（分数：2.00）_(4).display of narrow-minded learning(7)（分数：2.00）_(5).bodies invisible to the naked eye(13)（分数：2.00）_二、阅读理解(总题数：2，分数：30.00)THE STUDY OF MAN Irving S. Lee 1 The study of maneven, the scientific st
3、udyis ancient and respectable. It goes back to Aristotle, to Hippocrates, and beyond them to obscure beginnings. Today, it is one of the chief studies of the learned. Like our other activities, it may be divided into two parts, the successful part and the unsuccessful part. Speaking very generally a
4、nd with due regard to numerous and important exceptions, it may be said that the successful part of the scientific study of man is related to medicine, the unsuccessful part to philosophy and to the social sciences. These relations are not only historical, they are also to be seen in methods, attitu
5、des, and traditions. 2 The successes of medicine and the medical sciences have not been lightly won; from a multitude of failures, they are the survivals and the fortunate productions of tile best or the most-favored men among an endless succession of skillful physicians though pedantry, incompetenc
6、y, and charlatanry have often hindered and, in evil times, even arrested the accumulations of medical science for long periods, since Hippocrates, at least, the tradition of skillful practice has never been quite lost the tradition that combines theory and practice. This tradition is, especially in
7、three elements, indispensable. 3 Hippocrates teaches, first, hard, persistent, intelligent, responsible, unremitting labor in the sickroom, not in the library;the all-round adaptation of the doctor to his task, an adaptation that is far from being merely intellectual. This is adaptation chiefly thro
8、ugh the establishment of conditioned reflexes. Something like it seems to be a necessary part of the mastery of any material or of effective work in any medium. 4 Hippocrates teaches, secondly, accurate observation of things and events; selection, guided by judgment born of familiarity, of the salie
9、nt and the recurrent phenomena; and their classification and methodical exploitation. 5 Hippocrates teaches, thirdly, the judicious construction of a theorynot a philosophical theory, nor a grand effort of the imagination, nor a quasireligious dogma, but a modest pedestrian affair, or perhaps I had
10、better say, a useful walking stick to help on the way. 6 All this may be summed up thus: The physician must have, first, intimate habitual intuitive familiarity with things; secondly, a systematic knowledge of things; and thirdly, an effective way of thinking about things. 7 Experience shows that th
11、is is the way to success. It has long been followed in studying sickness, but hardly at all in studying the other experiences of daily life. Let us, therefore, consider more carefully what Hippocrates did and what he did not do. He was in reaction chiefly against three things: firstly, against the a
12、ncient, traditional myths and superstitions which still prevailed among the physicians of his day; secondly, against the recent intrusion of philosophy into medical doctrine; thirdly, against the extravagant system of diagnoses of the Cnidian School, a body of contemporary physicians who seem to hav
13、e suffered from a familiar form of professional pedantry. Here, Hippocrates was opposing the pretentious systematization of knowledge that lacked solid, objective foundationthe concealment of ignorance, probably more or less unconsciously, with a show of knowledge. Note well that such concealment is
14、 rarely altogether dishonest and may be practised in thorough good faith. 8 The social sciences today suffer from defects that are not unlike the defects of medicine to which Hippocrates was opposed. Firstly, social and political myths are everywhere current, and if they involve forms of superstitio
15、n that are less apparent to us than the medical superstitions of long ago, that may well be because we recognize the latter class of superstitions for what they are while still accepting or half accepting the former class. Secondly, there is at least as much philosophy mingled with our current socia
16、l science as there was at any time in the medical doctrines of the Greeks. Thirdly, a great part of the social science of today consists of elaborate speculation on an insufficient foundation of fact. 9 Hippocrates endeavored to avoid myths and traditional rules, the grand search for philosophical t
17、ruth, the authority of philosophical beliefs, the concealment of ignorance with a show of systematic knowledge. He was concerned, first of all not to conceal his own ignorance from himself. 10 Experience shows that there are two kinds of human behavior which it is ordinarily convenient and often ess
18、ential to distinguish. 11 One is the thinking, talking, and writing, by those who are so familiar with relevant concrete experiences that they cannot ordinarily forget the facts, about two kinds of subjects. These are;firstly, concrete observationsobservations and experiences which are representable
19、 by means of sharply defined or otherwise unambiguous words; and secondly, more general considerations, dearly and logically related to such concrete observations and experiences. 12 The other kind of behavior is thinking, talking, and writing about vague or general ideas or “concepts“ which do not
20、clearly relate to concrete observations and experiences and which are not designated by sharply defined words. 13 In the social sciences, special methods and special skills are few. It is hard to think of anything that corresponds to a mathematician“s skill in performing mathematical operations or t
21、o a bacteriologist“s skill in cultivating microorganisms or to a clinician“s skill in making physical examinations. 14 Classificatory, descriptive knowledge, which is so conspicuous in the medical sciences and in natural history and which has proved so essential to the development of such sciences,
22、is relatively lacking in the social sciences. Moreover, there is no common accord among social scientists concerning the classes and subclasses of the things they study, and there is even much disagreement about nomenclature. 15 The theories of the social sciences seem to be in a curious state. One
23、body of theory, that of economies is highly developed, has been cast in mathematical form, and has reached a stage that is thought to be in some respects definitive. This theory, like those of the natural sciences, is the result of the concerted efforts of a great number of investigators and has evo
24、lved in a manner altogether similar to the evolution of certain theories in the natural sciences. But it is hardly applicable to concrete reality. 16 The reasons why economic theory is so difficult to apply to concrete events are that it is an abstraction from an immensely complex reality and that r
25、easoning from theory to practice is here, nearly always vitiated by “the fallacy of misplaced concreteness. “ Such application suggests the analogy of applying Galileo“s law of falling bodies to the motion of a falling leaf in a stiff breeze. Experience teaches that under such circumstances it is al
26、together unsafe to take more than a single step in deductive reasoning without verifying the conclusions by observation or experiment. Nevertheless, many economists, some cautiously and others less cautiously are in the habit of expressing opinions deduced from theoretical considerations concerning
27、economic practice. There is here a striking contrast with medicine, where it is almost unknown for a theorist inexperienced in practice to prescribe the treatment of a patient. 17 In other fields of social science, theories are generally not held in common by all investigators, but, as in philosophi
28、cal systems, tend to be sectarian beliefs. This is true even in psychology where the conflicts of physiological psychologists, behaviorists. Gestaltists, and others sometimes almost suggest theological controversy. 18 On the whole, it seems fair to say that the social sciences in general are not cul
29、tivated by persons possessing intuitive familiarity; highly developed, systematic, descriptive knowledge; and the kind of theories that are to be found in the natural sciences. 19 There is not a little system-building in the social sciences but, with the striking exception of economic theory, it is
30、of the philosophical type rather than of the scientific type, being chiefly concerned in its structural elements with words rather than with things, or in old fashioned parlance, with noumena, rather than with phenomena. 20 A further difference between most system-building in the social sciences and
31、 systems of thought and classification of the natural sciences is to be seen in their evolution. In the natural sciences, both theories and descriptive systems grow by adaptation to the increasing knowledge and experience of the scientists. In the social sciences, systems often issue fully formed fr
32、om the mind of one man. Then they may be much discussed if they attract attention, but progressive adaptive modification as a result of the concerted efforts of great numbers of men is rare. Such systems are in no proper sense working hypotheses; they are “rationalizations“ , or, at best mixtures of
33、 working hypotheses and “rationalizations“. 21 Thinking in the social sciences suffers, I believe, chiefly from two defects:One is the fallacy of misplaced concreteness; the other, the intrusion of sentimentsof Bacon“s Idolsinto the thinking, which may be fairly regarded as an occupational hazard of
34、 the social scientists. 22 Sentiments have no place in clear thinking, but the manifestations of sentiments are among the most important things with which the social sciences are concerned. For example, the word “justice“ is out of place in pleading before the Supreme Curt of the United States, but
35、the sentiments associated with that word and often expressed by it are probably quite as important as the laws of our country, not to mention the procedure of the Supreme Court. Indeed such sentiments seem to be in many ways and at many times the most important of all social forces. 23 The acquired
36、characters of men may be divided into two classes. One kind involves much use of reason, logic, the intellect; for example, the ordinary studies of school and university. The other kind involves little intellectual activity and arises chiefly from conditioning from rituals and from routines; for exa
37、mple, skills, attitudes, and acquired sentiments. In modified form, men share such acquired characters with dogs and other animals. When not misinterpreted, they have been almost completely neglected by intellectuals and are frequently overlooked by social scientists. Their study seems to present an
38、 opportunity for the application of physiology. 24 The conclusions of this comparative study are as follows: Firstly, a combination of intimate, habitual, intuitive familiarity with things; systematic knowledge of things; and an effective way of thinking about things is common among medical scientis
39、ts, rare among social scientists. Secondly, systems in the medical sciences and systems in the social sciences are commonly different. The former resemble systems in the other natural sciences, the latter resemble philosophical systems. Thirdly, many of the terms employed currently in the social sci
40、ences are of a kind that is excluded, except by inadvertence, from the medical sciences. Fourthly, sentiments to not ordinarily intrude in the thinking of medical scientists; they do ordinarily intrude in the thinking of social scientists. Fifthly, the medical sciences have made some progress in the
41、 objective study of the manifestations of sentiments; the social sciences, where these things are particularly important, have neglected them. This is probably due to the influence of the intellectual tradition “ Sixthly“ in the medical sciences, special methods and special skills are many; in the s
42、ocial sciences, few. Finally, in the medical sciences, testing of thought by observation and experiment is continuous. Thus, theories and generalizations of all kinds are constantly being corrected, modified, and adapted to the phenomena; and fallacies of misplaced concreteness, eliminated. In the s
43、ocial sciences, there is little of this adaptation and correction through continuous observation and experiment. 25 These are very general conclusions to which, as I have already said, there are numerous and important exceptions. Perhaps the most important exceptions may be observed in the work of m
44、any historians, of purely descriptive writers, and of those theoretical economists who scrupulously abstain from the application of theory to practice.（分数：20.00）(1).Hippocrates was chiefly concerned with _.（分数：2.00）A.not concealing his own ignorance from himselfB.combining philosophy with medical do
45、ctrineC.the system of diagnosis of the Cnidian schoolD.pretentious systematization of knowledgeE.incorporating tradition with systematic knowledge(2).Most social science systems are, at best, _.（分数：2.00）A.mixtures of working hypotheses and rationalizationsB.results of concerted efforts of men at ada
46、ptive modificationC.adaptations of experience and increasing knowledge to experimentsD.highly developed systems of knowledgeE.studies of the structural elements of things(3).One branch of the social sciences considered in some respects definitive is_.（分数：2.00）A.historyB.philosophyC.sociologyD.politi
47、csE.economics(4).The social sciences today suffer from defects similar to the defects of medicine in Hippocrates“ day, as evidenced by all but one of these statements. Which one?（分数：2.00）A.Forms of superstition are less apparent today because we half accent them.B.The concealment of ignorance is as
48、thoroughly dishonest today as it was before.C.Elaborate speculation is based on poor foundation of fact.D.Much philosophy is mingled with current social science.E.Social and political myths are everywhere current.(5).The tradition of skillful medical practice since Hippocrates“ time combines theory and practice. Which description inaccurately represents this tradition?（分数：2.00）A.Hard, persistent, intelligent, unremitting labor i
