1、2010年华中科技大学考博英语真题试卷及答案解析(总分：94.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Cloze(总题数：1，分数：40.00)Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play?【C1】_en event takes place, newspapers are on the street【C2】_the details.【C3】_anything happens in the world, reporte
2、rs are on the spot to gather the news. Newspapers have one basic【C4】_. to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to【C5】_it. Radio, telegraph, television, and【C6】_inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines
3、and other means of communication.【C7】_. this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the【C8】_and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are【C9】_and read than ever before. Competition als
4、o led newspapers to【C10】_out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, todays newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious【C11】_. Newspapers influence readers economic choices【C12】_advertising. Most newspapers depend on
5、advertising for their very【C13】_. Newspapers are sold at a price that【C14】_even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main【C15】_of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The【C16】_in selling advertising depends newspapers value to advertisers. This【C17】_in terms of circulatio
6、n. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends【C18】_on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment【C19】_in a newspapers pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspapers value to readers as a source of information【C20】_the community, city,
7、county, state, nation and world and even outer space.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.Just whenB.WhileC.Soon afterD.Before(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.to giveB.givingC.givenD.being given(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.WhereverB.WhateverC.HoweverD.Whichever(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.reasonB.causeC.problemD.purpose(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.ma
8、keB.publishC.knowD.write(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.anotherB.otherC.one anotherD.the other(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.HoweverB.AndC.ThereforeD.So(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.valueB.ratioC.rateD.speed(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.spreadB.passedC.printedD.completed(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.provokeB.jumpC.stepD.branch(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.matters
9、B.affairsC.thingsD.events(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.onB.throughC.withD.of(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.formsB.existenceC.contentsD.purpose(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.tries to coverB.manages to coverC.fails to coverD.succeeds in(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.sourceB.originC.courseD.finance(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.wayB.meansC.chanceD.su
10、ccess(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.measuresB.measuredC.is measuredD.was measured(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.somewhatB.littleC.muchD.something(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）A.offeringB.offeredC.which offeredD.to be offered(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.byB.withC.atD.about二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Early in the sixteenth centur
11、y, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in
12、an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “axioms“. This is what he meant by “induction“. Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacons conception of what facts and theories are and of the
13、relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape of planetary orbits, and later by Newton about the “force“ of gravity could
14、never have been made if Bacons rules had prevailed. Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically
15、lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacons own acceptance of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most “obvious“ o
16、f facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appeared after every rain. What is clear is that the great breakthroughs
17、 of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances.（分数：8.00）(1).According to Bacon, facts_.（分数：2.00）
18、A.are determined by observationsB.can only be understood through logical reasoningC.have a hierarchyD.are gathered by illiterate assistants(2).Data collection should be performed by illiterate assistants,_.（分数：2.00）A.according to Bacon, as it led to speculationB.according to Bacon, to prevent theori
19、es from being formulated on insufficient dataC.was a notion Bacon strongly opposedD.was a notion rejected on the grounds that it led to premature speculations(3).According to Bacon, knowledge can be obtained_.（分数：2.00）A.by subjecting theories to rigorous logical analysisB.not through political or re
20、ligious dogmas but through reasonC.by observation aloneD.through the inductive method(4).Spontaneous generation of life_.（分数：2.00）A.was a known fact in Bacons timeB.is verified by maggots in putrid fleshC.is more apparent than realD.is a speculation which has no basis in observationThough one may qu
21、estion the degree to which the Civil War represents a milestone in womens pursuit of social, economic, and political equality, Leonards recent study has excelled that of her predecessor Ginzberg in debunking persistent myths about womens primary relation to the war as weeping widows, self-sacrificin
22、g wives, patriotic fiancees, and loyal daughters. Leonard asks if the wartime work of northern women influenced popular perceptions of womens abilities, and if home front production were seen as contributing to the readiness of soldiers. Finding in the affirmative, she argues that home front activit
23、ies generated respect for womens organizational talents and opened up new work opportunities for women, while participation reinforced their self-reliance and self-esteem. In contrast to her predecessors, who saw the war as transforming the ideology of benevolence, Leonard finds that womens war work
24、 drew heavily upon the antebellum ideology of womens nature and sphere. It was once believed that wartime benevolence heightened changes emerging in the 1850s by replacing the antebellum ideology of gender difference and female moral superiority with a new ideology of gender similarity and a more ma
25、sculine ethos of discipline and efficiency. Leonard asserts instead that white, middle-class, Yankee, charitable women appropriated the antebellum moral definition of womanhood and, in particular, womans unique moral responsibility for maintaining community and her natural selflessness and caretakin
26、g abilities, to expand the boundaries of womans proper place. With determination and courage, women brought forth positive changes in popular characterizations of middle-class womanhood that opened new doors for women in the professions and in public life. A weak point of Leonards theory is her asse
27、ssment of the themes of postwar histories of womens wartime service. Leonard views these works as extolling womens self-sacrifice and ability to cooperate men while downplaying womens demands for status and pay and ignoring the scope of womens administrative genius. But other theorists, most notably
28、 Ginzberg, have argued that these same works may also be viewed as praising the efficiency of the new centralized and national charitable organizations, womens wage-earning capacity, and their subordination of feminine feeling and enthusiasm to business-like and war-like routinization and order. Two
29、 sets of values older notions of benevolence and new demands of public service were at war in the North, a war that can be plotted through tensions about paying wages, centralizing corporate functions of benevolence, relating benevolence to government, and using funds for administrative as opposed t
30、o strictly charitable purposes. It may well be that wartime masculinization of the ideology of benevolence pushed women further from both the symbolic and the real centers of power for social change and hastened instead a class-based alliance for social welfare. But we can agree with Leonard that th
31、e war forced men to yield ground, sharing and sometimes even surrendering territory, power, and status in the public realm.（分数：12.00）(1).Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The Influence of Elizabeth Leonard on Historians of Feminism in the Civil WarB.Leon
32、ards Explanation of How the Civil War Improved the Plight of WomenC.Feminism in the Civil War: New Controversy About an Old SubjectD.The Heritage of Benevolence: The Civil Wars Contribution to Womens Charitable Organizations(2).According to the passage, Leonard asserts that womens activities during
33、the Civil War had all of the following positive effects EXCEPT:（分数：2.00）A.They were praised as aiding the war cause.B.They improved womens economic situation.C.They were considered proof of womens abilities to organize themselves.D.They created new occupational opportunities for women.(3).It can be
34、inferred from the passage that Leonard would agree with which of the following statements regarding the status of women during the Civil War? I . Antebellum values were expanded, not replaced, in order to develop new definitions of womanhood. II. Historians have paid insufficient attention to demand
35、s for higher status women made during the war. III. On the whole, the war was detrimental to the perception of women.（分数：2.00）A.I onlyB.II onlyC.I and II onlyD.I,IIandIII(4).It can be inferred that Leonard would most likely consider which of the following hypothetical cases of Civil War women the LE
36、AST supportive of her thesis?（分数：2.00）A.A widow who patriotically refused to remarry, even after her soldier husband was killed in battleB.A woman who shifted from working as a seamstress to running an army uniform factoryC.A woman who dressed as a Southern soldier in order to cross enemy lines as a
37、 spyD.A woman who established a charity in order to collect money for prostheses for war amputees(5).Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The author compares and contrasts the work of several historians and then discusses areas for possible new research.B.
38、The author presents his thesis, draws on the work of several historians for evidence to support his thesis, and concludes by reiterating his thesis.C.The author describes some features of a historical study and then uses those features to put forth his own argument.D.The author presents the general
39、argument of a historical study, describes the study in more detail, and concludes with a brief judgment of the studys value.(6).With which of the following criticisms of Leonards theory would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?（分数：2.00）A.It lays too much importance upon the antebellum
40、 ideology of womens nature and sphere.B.It fails to acknowledge that masculinization of war-time efforts may have been detrimental to the feminist cause.C.It tends to overemphasize the role of women in shifting their status over the course of the war.D.It bases its thesis too exclusively on white, Y
41、ankee, middle-class women, ignoring every other social and racial class.Our next task is to consider the policies and principles a ruler ought to follow in dealing with his subjects or with his friends. Since I know many people have written on this subject, I am concerned it may be thought presumptu
42、ous for me to write on I as well, especially since what I have to say, as regards this question in particular, will differ greatly from the recommendations of others. But my hope is to write a book that will be useful, at least to those who read it intelligently, and so I thought it sensible to go s
43、traight to a discussion of how things are in real life and not waste time with discussion of an imaginary world. For many authors have constructed imaginary republics and principalities that have never existed in practice and never could; for the gap between how people actually behave and how they o
44、ught to behave is so great that anyone who ignores everyday reality in order to live up to an ideal will soon discover he has been taught how to destroy himself, not how to preserve himself. For anyone who wants to act the part of a good man in all circumstances will bring about his own ruin, for th
45、ose he has to deal with will not all be good. So it is necessary for a ruler, if he wants to hold on to power, to learn how not to be good, and to know when it is and when it is not necessary to use this knowledge. Let us leave to one side, then, all discussion of imaginary rulers and talk about pra
46、ctical realities. I maintain that all men, when people talk about them, and especially rulers, because they hold positions of authority, are described in terms of qualities that are inextricably linked to censure or to praise. So one man is described as generous, another as a miser; one is called op
47、en-handed, another tight-fisted; one man is cruel, another gentle; one untrustworthy, another self-important; one promiscuous, another monogamous; one straightforward, another duplicitous; one tough, another easy-going; one serious, another cheerful; one religious, another atheistical; and so on. No
48、w I know everyone will agree that if a ruler could have all the good qualities I have listed and none of the bad ones, then this would be an excellent state of affairs. But one cannot have all the good qualities, nor always act in a praiseworthy fashion, for we do not live in an ideal world. You hav
49、e to be canny enough to avoid being thought to have those evil qualities that would make it impossible for you to retain power; as for those that are compatible with holding on to power, you should avoid them if you can; but if you cannot, then you should not worry too much if people say you have them. Above all, do not be upset if you are supposed to have those vices a ruler needs if he is going to stay securely in power, for, i
