1、英语阅读(二)自考题-12 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、BPassage One/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)American Sports represent a fabric of American culture. Sports act as a unifying factor between people of all ages. Of all the sports that America has to offer, baseball is consider
2、ed the pastime of this country. Americans did not always regard baseball and other sports in such a benign manner. Rather, sports during the early colonial times were seen as pagan and devilish things to do. Many elite and wealthy gentry who embodied the Victorian ideals regarded any type of games o
3、r sports as ill vices. It was the common people who directly related sports to their religion. On days of religious celebration, early Americans joined together to play games. These folk games were unstructured and unruly; however, the unity that these games brought, created a need for professional
4、sporting games. Folk games provided the foundation of sports. They created a sense of companionship and unison among individuals. These unorganized folk games created the threshold for organized sports and led to the transformation of the players roles and the role of the audience, Amateurs became p
5、rofessional athletes, and the game an organized business. The game of baseball evolved from the English game of cricket and rounders. It was not until the time of the Civil War that baseball began to be played frequently.However with the transformation of the nation, society and technology, folk gam
6、es too began to evolve into spectator sports. After the Civil War, baseball became a popular sport and no longer an archaic folk game. Structure and organization were introduced gradually in- to the game and increased public participation. The sport at first excluded the public, but as economic inte
7、rests infiltrated the game, the need for audiences and spectators arose. The audience of baseball was instrumental in the transformation of baseball. The battling leagues and team rivalries created a sector for the American public to participate in baseball. The process of the transformation of Amer
8、ican folk games into spectator games was due to capitalism, evolution of American society, urban settings, level of player performance, techno-logical advances and the addition of structure and organization to the games; thus, transforming the sport of baseball into a monopolized and professional bu
9、siness.Organized Baseball and the Commission have propagated the myth that General Abner Double-day invented the game of baseball. This was an attempt to make baseball an American game. The Commission wanted to distinguish baseball as a truly American game that originated in Cooperstown, New York.Th
10、is was a publicity stunt in order to create a sense of nationalism around the game in order to make the fans believe that this was their game and it belonged to no other country. It was an attempt to popularize baseball to the highest degree. The legend states that Abner Doubleday at Cooperstown inv
11、ented baseball in 1839. This myth was generated in 1907 by the Commission of Baseball when Albert Spalding hired his friend, Abraham Mills, to form a commission to investigate the origins of the game. These men gathered information from some of the oldest players known to have played the game. Spald
12、ing recognized the appeal of patriotism and the dynamics of myth making. Historical myths and legends play a large role in forming national identity and patriotic pride. This myth enabled baseball to break all traces and origins of the game from England. This was in fact a farce. Scholars and histor
13、ians both disprove this myth and trace baseballs origins to old English games of rounders and criquet. In 1939, Baseball celebrated its one hundredth birthday and created the Hall of Fame at Cooperstown, New York. In the same year, the United States government created a commemorative stamp, which ma
14、de 1839 the official birth day of baseball. This enabled Baseball to establish itself as a strange American religion in which people could return to the birthplace of the game to celebrate and remember it. Although this myth was pure fancy, the intent of the myth did enable baseball to distinguish i
15、tself as purely American and contributed to the sport becoming Americas National Pastime.（分数：10.00）(1).Today baseball in the United States is regarded as _. A. a pastime of the nation B. a benign sport C. a folk game D. a pagan game（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The obstacle to the early development of games
16、is _. A. the Puritan and Victorian ideals B. the popularity of rivalries C. the absence of structure and organization D. the commercialization of the game（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Baseball has been transformed from a folk game into a _. A. spectator one B. urban one C. rounders D. threshold（分数：2.00）A.B.C
17、.D.(4).The myth created by Organized Baseball and the Commission intended to _. A. find its real origin B. appeal to audience C. establish a legend D. stimulate a national pride（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The popularization of baseball involved the following names except _. A. Abner Doubleday B. Abraham Mi
18、lls C. Abert Spalding D. Abert Cooper（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.四、BPassage Two/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In some ways, yesbut the differences matter more. Just as human history has been shaped by the rise and fall of successive empires, the computer industry has, in the few decades of its existence, been dominated by
19、one large company after another. During the mainframe era, IBM wore the crown. But it fumbled the transition to smaller machines in the personal-computer era, and the throne was usurped by Microsoft. Now, at the dawn of the new era of Internet services, Google is widely seen as the heir to the kingd
20、om. As the up- start has matured into a powerful industry giant, the suggestion that “Google is the new Microsoft“ has become commonplace in computing circles. Is it true?The comparison is both a compliment and a reproach. It is a compliment because it implies that Google has now become the company
21、that defines the environment in which other technology firms operate, just as IBM and Microsoft once did. As with Microsoft in its heyday, Google is the technology firm where the smartest geeks aspire to work; it embodies the technological zeitgeist; and it is a highly regarded company that has beco
22、me a household name. But the comparison is also a reproach, because it highlights growing concern that Google is now too powerful for its own good, or that of the industry, or indeed that of the world at large. For many people, Google provides the front door to the Internet.For many online businesse
23、s, their position in its search rankingthe workings of which are a closely guarded secretis a matter of life or death. Too much power is thus concentrated in Googles hands, say critics, including Microsofts Bill Gates. Microsoft and other big Internet firms, including eBay, Amazon and Yahoo, are now
24、 said to be negotiating various alliances in order to provide a counterweight to the new behemoth. Smaller firms feel even more vulnerable. As soon as Google says it is moving into a particular market, small fry in that market now dart for ever, unless they are lucky enough to be acquired by Google.
25、Yet there are some crucial ways in which Google differs from Microsoft. For a start, it is a far more innovative company, and its use of small, flexible teams has so far allowed it to remain innovative even as it has grown. Microsoft, in contrast, has stagnated as a result of its size and dominance.
26、 It is least innovative in the markets in which it faces the least competitionoperating systems, office software and web browsersthough it is, curiously, still capable of innovating in markets in which it has strong rivals (notably video gaming).Try to avoid using Microsoft software for a day, parti
27、cularly if you work in an office, and you will have difficulty; but surviving a day without Google is relatively easy. It has strong competitors in all the markets in which it operates: search, online advertising, mapping, software services, and so on. Large firms such as Yahoo, which previously far
28、med searches out to Google, have switched to other technologies. Googles market share in search has fallen from a high of around 80% to around 50% today. Perhaps the clearest evidence that Googles continued dominance is not inevitable is the fate of Alta Vista, the former top dog in Internet search.
29、 Who remembers it today?（分数：10.00）(1).The comparison made among IBM, Microsoft and Google suggests that _. A. IBM is no longer an important firm in the computer industry B. Microsoft has always been dominant in the computer industry C. Google is gaining a dominant position in computing technology D.
30、 it is not valid to make a comparison between the three firms（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following is not true about Google? _ A. Google is widely known only in computing circles. B. Google is being criticized for being too powerful. C. Google is of vital importance to online businesses. D. Go
31、ogle is likely to replace Microsoft in computer industry.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Compared with Microsoft, Google is said to be more _. A. stagnate in technology B. inflexible in structure C. ambitious in development D. innovative in market（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Microsoft is facing challenges in _. A. ope
32、rating system B. office software C. web browsers D. video gaming（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which is used as an example to predict the likely future of Googles Internet search? _ A. Alta Vista. B. Yahoo. C. eBay. D. Amazon.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、BPassage Three(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The word “reference“ comes from the
33、 verb “refer“, which means to turn to for aid or in-formation. Thus any person or thing referred to for these purposes is a reference. A book which is consulted for aid or information on a topic, a theme, an event, a person, a date, a place, or a word is a reference book. In this sense the entire li
34、brary is a reference collection, because it was selected, organized, and arranged for study and reference.However, in any library there are some books which are consulted more frequently than others for certain kinds of information; there are books which, because of their organization and arrangemen
35、t, lend themselves to quick and easy use; and there are other publications which were planned and written to be referred to for pieces of uniformity rather than to be read completely. In most libraries these kinds of materials are brought together in one room or area and constitute what is called th
36、e reference collection, the reference room, or the reference department. The use of these materials is restricted to the library. Questions may be answered completely from the resources in the reference collection or a given source may only indicate other books and materials which the information se
37、eker must consult for the full answer to his question.It should be clear, then, that the reference collection, room, or department is not a separate library within itself but is only one of the many parts of the total library that the student will use in his search for material.The term “reference b
38、ook“ has come to mean a specific kind of publication which has been planned and written to be consulted for items of information, rather than read through-out. It contains facts that have been brought together from many sources and organized for quick and easy use, either in an alphabetical or chron
39、ological arrangement or by the use of detailed indexes and numerous cross references.If a student is to use reference books effectively and advantageously, he must develop a facility in using them independently. He acquires this facility as he learns, what reference books are, the kinds that are ava
40、ilable, the types of questions each kind will answer, and how each book is arranged.There are two types of reference books. (1) those which contain the needed information such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, handbooks, biographical dictionaries, atlases (地图册), and gazetteer (地名词典); and (2) those whi
41、ch tell the user where the information can be found, such as indexes and bibliographies. These two types of reference books are of two classes, general or specialized; the latter are referred to in this text as “subject“ reference materials.General reference books are those which are broad in scope,
42、 not limited to any single subject, but useful for all, or for many, subject areas. The kinds of general reference books, according to their form and the material which include, are dictionaries, biographical dictionaries, directories, atlases, gazetteer, and bibliographies.Each kind of reference bo
43、ok is designed, to do specific things. Theoretically, a given reference book does the specific things it is planned to do better than any other reference book can do them; thus it should be consulted first for the kind of information it covers, even though other reference books may include some of t
44、he same information. For example, a dictionary or an encyclopedia may give information about a geographical location, but a gazetteer, which is designed for the sole purpose of providing information about geographical names and places, is the first place to look for in-formation concerning a geograp
45、hical location.（分数：10.00）(1).In a library the area where reference materials are located is called _. A. the reference department B. the reference room C. the reference collection D. all of the above（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).In many libraries, books in reference department _. A. are not allowed to be bor
46、rowed outside B. can be borrowed outside C. are limited in number D. must be used more frequently than any other books（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).In order to use reference books effectively, students should _. A. read them throughout B. try to find all the answers in one book C. be independent and confiden
47、t D. know how to use them（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage? _ A. Reference books are classified as general and specialized. B. Dictionaries belong to general reference books. C. The reference collection is an independent library itself. D. Th
48、e reference collection in a library exists as a part of the total library.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The last paragraph tells us that _. A. every kind of reference book is designed to be useful B. a given reference book is the first choice to look for the specific information C. an encyclopedia is the fir
49、st place to look for geographical names and places D. dictionaries are better than given reference books（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、BPassage Four/(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the northern part of Greenland, ice caps, permafrost and gullies dominate the landscape and theres almost no vegetation. Here became the domain of the Thule who came from Canada in 1200. The onset o
