1、现代语言学自考题分类模拟 18及答案解析(总分：85.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART ONE(总题数：0，分数：0.00)I1.Language is passed on from one generation to the next through _, rather than by instinct.（分数：2.00）A.learningB.teachingC.only learningD.both A and B2.The famous quotation from Shakespeare“s play Romeo and Juliet “A rose by any other
2、 name would smell as sweet“ well illustrates _.（分数：2.00）A.the conventional nature of languageB.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal communication3.The purpose of Chomsky“s definition is to focus attention on the purely _
3、properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.（分数：2.00）A.lexicalB.grammaticalC.semanticD.structural4.“Tree“ in English, “Arbre“ in French and “Baum“ in German all refer to the same thing “a type of tail plant with a wooden trunk and branches“
4、 indicates that _.（分数：2.00）A.language is vocalB.language is arbitraryC.language is productiveD.language is culturally transmitted5.Traditional grammar regards the _ form of language as primary, not the spoken form.（分数：2.00）A.oralB.writtenC.writingD.vocal6.When a dog is barking, you assume it is bark
5、ing for something or at someone that exists here and now. It couldn“t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of _.（分数：2.00）A.culturalB.productivityC.displacementD.duality7.The study of language as a whole is often called _ linguistics.（分数：2.00）A.particularB.g
6、eneralC.ordinaryD.generative8.Duality or _ makes a person to talk about anything within his knowledge.（分数：2.00）A.lower level of languageB.higher level of languageC.basic level of languageD.double articulation of language9.Neither “iolk“ nor “no a he girl“ is accepted to be well-constructed in Englis
7、h indicates that language is _.（分数：2.00）A.rule-governedB.not arbitraryC.not productiveD.vocal10.A linguistic theory is constructed about what _ is and how it works.（分数：2.00）A.langueB.linguistC.languageD.learning11.Language is arbitrary in that there is no logical connection between meanings and _.（分
8、数：2.00）A.wordsB.soundsC.objectsD.ideas12._ answers such question that how we as infants acquire our first language.（分数：2.00）A.PsycholinguisticsB.Applied linguisticsC.SociolinguisticsD.Anthropological linguistics13.Chomsky uses the term _ to refer to the actual realization of a language user“s knowle
9、dge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.（分数：2.00）A.langueB.competenceC.paroleD.performance14.Linguistics is the scientific study of _.（分数：2.00）A.a particular languageB.the English languageC.human languages in generalD.the system of a particular language15.Design features refer t
10、o the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any _ system of communication.（分数：2.00）A.artificialB.non-linguisticC.animalD.abstract16.The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the distinction between _.（分数：2.00）A.prescriptive and descriptiveB.synchronic
11、and diachronicC.speech and writingD.langue and parole17.A scientific study of language is conducted with reference to some _ of language structure.（分数：2.00）A.dataB.general theoryC.factsD.hypotheses18.Modern linguistics is the scientific study of language, therefore modern linguists emphasize the imp
12、ortance of language data collected from _.（分数：2.00）A.newspapers and magazinesB.the language people actually speakC.writings by the most famous authorsD.radio broadcasts19.Modern linguistics focuses on the present-day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a _ point of view.（分数：2
13、.00）A.sociologicalB.synchronicC.diachronicD.psychological20.The study of sounds used in linguistic communication is called _.（分数：2.00）A.phoneticsB.phonologyC.phonemeD.phone21.Saussure used _ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.（分数：2.00）A.perform
14、anceB.paroleC.langueD.competence三、PART TWO(总题数：0，分数：0.00)22.displacement （分数：2.00）_23.diachronic study （分数：2.00）_24.synchronic study （分数：2.00）_25.arbitrariness （分数：2.00）_26.general linguistics （分数：2.00）_petence （分数：2.00）_28.productivity （分数：2.00）_29.applied linguistics （分数：2.00）_30.duality （分数：2.00）
15、_31.descriptive linguistics （分数：2.00）_32.Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two approaches are equally favored by modern linguists. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误33.The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure. Langue refers to the a
16、bstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while parole refers to the concrete use of conventions and rules, thus varying from person to person. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误34.An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language
17、is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors“ for language usage. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误35.Early grammars were based on “high“ written language which set models for language users to follow. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误36.Language is a sy
18、stem of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误37.Language is vocal because the primary medium is sounds for all languages. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误38.The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错
19、误39.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误40.The arbitrary nature of language is absolute, i.e. there are no words in world languages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误41.After the emerg
20、ence of a new linguistic theory often emerges a new teaching approach or method. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误42.Linguists can concentrate on all the aspects of language at once. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误43.Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误44.Diachronic study describes language
21、 as it changes through time. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误45.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误46.General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories,
22、descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误47.People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, human language is creative. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误48.In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis tha
23、n the spoken form for a number of reasons. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误49.Of all the design features of language, displacement is the most important. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误50.Only a few of the languages in the world today are both spoken and written. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误51.After studying the language structure, a ling
24、uist will formulate some hypotheses about the language facts. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误52.With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence and performance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract structure of language can be studied systematically, but no
25、t its use. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误53.Sentences are words put together in a random order. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误54.A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare“s time is an example of the diachronic study of language. （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误现代语言学自考题分类模拟 18答案解析(总分：85.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART ONE(总题数：0，分数：0.0
26、0)I1.Language is passed on from one generation to the next through _, rather than by instinct.（分数：2.00）A.learningB.teachingC.only learningD.both A and B 解析：解析 人类的语言是通过教授和学习的方式一代一代传递下来的，而不是靠本能。与此相反，动物的呼叫系统则是通过遗传来完成的。2.The famous quotation from Shakespeare“s play Romeo and Juliet “A rose by any other
27、name would smell as sweet“ well illustrates _.（分数：2.00）A.the conventional nature of language B.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal communication解析：解析 对于相同的物体，不同的语言使用不同的词语这样一个事实雄辩地说明了语言的武断性特点：词语不过是一些符号，它们与物体、行为及思想的联系是由习惯形
28、成的。莎士比亚戏剧“罗密欧与朱丽叶”中的名言“玫瑰换个名词闻起来还是香的”就是对语言这种习惯性特征的最好证明。3.The purpose of Chomsky“s definition is to focus attention on the purely _ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.（分数：2.00）A.lexicalB.grammaticalC.semanticD.structural 解析：解析 乔姆斯基对
29、语言的定义从现在开始，我要把语言看做是(有限的或无限的)句子的集合，每个句子都有一定的长度，并由有限的成分集合所构成丝毫没有提及自然或非自然语言的交际功能，也没有提到语言成分的符号本质。它的目的是强调语言纯粹的结构特征并且指出这种特征可以用精确的、数学的方法来加以分析研究。4.“Tree“ in English, “Arbre“ in French and “Baum“ in German all refer to the same thing “a type of tail plant with a wooden trunk and branches“ indicates that _.（分
30、数：2.00）A.language is vocalB.language is arbitrary C.language is productiveD.language is culturally transmitted解析：解析 语言具有任意性(说声音和意义之间没有任何逻辑关系)最好的一个例证就是不同的语言里使用不同的声音来代表相同的事物，正如题干中所述，“树”在英文里是“tree”，在法文里是“arbre”，在德文里是“baum”。5.Traditional grammar regards the _ form of language as primary, not the spoken
31、form.（分数：2.00）A.oralB.written C.writingD.vocal解析：解析 口头语和书面语是人类交际中的两大主要媒介。现代语言学比较看重的是口头语言，而不是书面语言。而在过去，传统的语法学家们都有过分强调书面语重要性的倾向，这是由于书面语言的相对恒定性。6.When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists here and now. It couldn“t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bon
32、e. This indicates the design feature of _.（分数：2.00）A.culturalB.productivityC.displacement D.duality解析：解析 语言的位移性表明语言可以用来表达不在说话现场所发生的情况。任何动物的交际系统都不具有这种特性。动物们的叫声主要来自于对突发事件现场的反映，例如接触到了食物，遭遇到了危险，或感受到了疼痛。一旦这一切消失了，这种叫声便会停止。7.The study of language as a whole is often called _ linguistics.（分数：2.00）A.particul
33、arB.general C.ordinaryD.generative解析：解析 把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。8.Duality or _ makes a person to talk about anything within his knowledge.（分数：2.00）A.lower level of languageB.higher level of languageC.basic level of languageD.double articulation of language 解析：解析 语言是由两套结构或者说两个层面所组成的一个系统。它的较低层次
34、，也就是它的基本层次，是声音，它们是没有意义的，但是这些语言的声音经过组合甚至反复组合形成数量众多的诸如词素和单词的意义单位，这些意义单位可以在语言系统的较高层次出现。这种语言结构的双重性(也叫结构双层性)使得语言使用者能够就其所知谈论任何事情。没有任何动物交际系统具有这种双重性或具有与之相似的功能。9.Neither “iolk“ nor “no a he girl“ is accepted to be well-constructed in English indicates that language is _.（分数：2.00）A.rule-governed B.not arbitra
35、ryC.not productiveD.vocal解析：解析 语言首先是一个系统，即语言的各个成分都是按照一定的规则组合在一起的。这一点解释了为什么 iolk在英语里不可能是一个声音组合，以及 no a he girl为什么在英语里是一个不可接受的句子。如果语言不是按照某种规则构成的话，人们就不可能连续地学习和使用它。10.A linguistic theory is constructed about what _ is and how it works.（分数：2.00）A.langueB.linguistC.language D.learning解析：解析 语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先
36、，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结；其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性；最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。11.Language is arbitrary in that there is no logical connection between meanings and _.（分数：2.00）A.wordsB.sounds C.objectsD.ideas解析：解析 语言具有任意性，也就是说声音和意义之间没有逻辑关系。12._ answers such question th
37、at how we as infants acquire our first language.（分数：2.00）A.Psycholinguistics B.Applied linguisticsC.SociolinguisticsD.Anthropological linguistics解析：解析 心理语言学研究的是语言和心理的相互关系。它重点解决以下问题：人类运用语言时的心理过程是怎样的，我们小时候是怎样习得母语的，交际过程中我们是用什么方式来识记并加工我们所接收到的信息的。13.Chomsky uses the term _ to refer to the actual realizat
38、ion of a language user“s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.（分数：2.00）A.langueB.competenceC.paroleD.performance 解析：解析 按照乔姆斯基的定义，能力是一个理想的语言使用者所具有的有关其所使用语言规则的知识，运用则是指这种知识在语言交际过程中的实际运用。14.Linguistics is the scientific study of _.（分数：2.00）A.a particular languageB.the Engli
39、sh languageC.human languages in general D.the system of a particular language解析：解析 语言学的研究不是针对某一特定的语言，而是针对所有语言而言的。15.Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any _ system of communication.（分数：2.00）A.artificialB.non-linguisticC.animal D.abstract解析：解析
40、语言的甄别性特征(又称区别性特征)是美国语言学家 C霍凯特提出的，它指的是将人类语言和其他动物的交际系统区别开来的那些特征。通过对语言和动物交际体系的对比，我们可以更好地把握语言的本质。16.The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the distinction between _.（分数：2.00）A.prescriptive and descriptiveB.synchronic and diachronicC.speech and writingD.langue and parole 解析：解析 2
41、0 世纪 50年代末，美国语言学家乔姆斯基提出了一对和语言/言语相类似的概念，那就是语言能力和语言运用。语言能力是一个理想的语言使用者所具有的有关其所使用语言规则的知识，语言运用则是指这种知识在语言交际过程中的实际运用。17.A scientific study of language is conducted with reference to some _ of language structure.（分数：2.00）A.dataB.general theory C.factsD.hypotheses解析：解析 对语言进行科学地研究最根本的，是要对语言材料进行系统的调查研究，并在语言结构的
42、一般理论指导下进行。18.Modern linguistics is the scientific study of language, therefore modern linguists emphasize the importance of language data collected from _.（分数：2.00）A.newspapers and magazinesB.the language people actually speak C.writings by the most famous authorsD.radio broadcasts解析：解析 对语言进行科学的研究最根
43、本的是要对语言材料进行系统的调查研究，并在语言结构的一般理论指导下进行。要找出语言体系中潜在的本质，一个语言学家首先必须研究语言材料，即要观察一般情况下语言的使用方法。19.Modern linguistics focuses on the present-day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a _ point of view.（分数：2.00）A.sociologicalB.synchronic C.diachronicD.psychological解析：解析 在现代语言学中，共时性研究比历时性研究更
44、受人青睐。其主要原因是，对一种语言不同时期的状况进行成功的研究之前，人们很难对它在历史变迁中所发生的变化进行描述。人们一般把共时性的描述看做是对时下现存语言的描述，大多数的语言学研究皆属此类。20.The study of sounds used in linguistic communication is called _.（分数：2.00）A.phonetics B.phonologyC.phonemeD.phone解析：解析 首先引起语言学家们注意的是语言使用中的声音现象。这种对语言交际中声音的研究最终促成了语言学的第一个分支语音学的建立。21.Saussure used _ to re
45、fer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.（分数：2.00）A.performanceB.paroleC.langue D.competence解析：解析 语言和言语的区别是瑞士语言学家索绪尔提出来的。语言是语言使用者们必须恪守的一套语言习惯和规则，而言语则是指对这些习惯和规则的遵守和实际应用。语言是抽象的，它并不具体指人们现实生活中所使用的语言；言语是具体的，它指的是自然而然正在发生的、具体的语言事件。语言是相对稳定的，它不会频繁地发生变化；而言语则因人而异，因语境的不同而不同。三、PART TWO(总题数：0，分数：0.00)22.displacement （分数：2.00）_正确答案：()解析：Displacement is one of the design features of language. It refers to the fact that language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations
