1、现代语言学自考题分类模拟 17及答案解析(总分：80.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART ONE(总题数：0，分数：0.00)1.Standardization known as _ is necessary in order to facilitate communications.（分数：2.00）A.language interpretationB.language identificationC.language choiceD.language planning2.Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it
2、studies meaning not in isolation, but in _.（分数：2.00）A.relationshipB.dependenceC.sentenceD.context3._ answers such question that how we as infants acquire our first language.（分数：2.00）A.PsycholinguisticsB.Applied linguisticsC.SociolinguisticsD.Anthropological linguistics4.In linguistics, _ is focused
3、on that how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.（分数：2.00）A.acoustic phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC.auditory phoneticsD.none of the above5._ English had been deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar.（分数：2.00）A.ModernB.MiddleC.OldD.both A and B6.Semantics
4、can be defined as the study of _.（分数：2.00）A.namingB.meaningC.communicationD.context7.Psycholinguists are particularly interested in _.（分数：2.00）A.brain lateralizationB.linguistic lateralizationC.both A and BD.neither A nor B8.Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the _ system of langua
5、ge.（分数：2.00）A.phonologicalB.semanticC.grammaticalD.communicative9.A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic _ that speakers implicitly consider well-formed, or grammatical sequences.（分数：2.00）A.speechesB.utterancesC.eventsD.sentences10.Words can change their meanings
6、by becoming more _.（分数：2.00）A.specializedB.generalizedC.simply acquiring a new meaningD.all of the above三、PART TWO(总题数：0，分数：0.00)11.Historical linguists are concerned with the historical development of languages and the processes involved in language c 1 . （分数：1.00）12.In the course of time, the stud
7、y of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s 1 studies, such as sociology and psychology. （分数：1.00）13.The human brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical h 1 , one is on the right and the other on the left. （分数：1.00）14.Speech sounds can be described in physical or a 1
8、 terms. Physically, sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another. （分数：1.00）15.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian , with the /k/ preceding the /s/. Sound change as a result of s
9、ound movement is known as m 1 . （分数：1.00）16.Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a f 1 verb or a verb phrase. （分数：1.00）17.According to Searle, s 1 acts fall into five general categories, i.e. there are five general types of things we do with language. （
10、分数：1.00）18.A s 1 community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety. （分数：1.00）19.It is normally assumed that, by the age of f 1 , with an operating vocabulary of more than 2,000 words, children have completed the greater part of the language ac
11、quistion process. （分数：1.00）20.R 1 is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality. （分数：1.00）21.major lexical category （分数：3.00）_22.cerebral plasticity （分数：3.00）_23.semantic narrowing （分数：3.00）_24.Broca“s area （分数：3.00）_25.narrow
12、transcription （分数：3.00）_26.arbitrariness （分数：3.00）_27.creole （分数：3.00）_28.the naming theory （分数：3.00）_29.coinage （分数：3.00）_30.diglossia （分数：3.00）_31.Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. （分数：10.00）_32.Discuss the relationship between pragma
13、tics and semantics. （分数：10.00）_现代语言学自考题分类模拟 17答案解析(总分：80.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART ONE(总题数：0，分数：0.00)1.Standardization known as _ is necessary in order to facilitate communications.（分数：2.00）A.language interpretationB.language identificationC.language choiceD.language planning 解析：解析 通常，使用同一种语言但带有不同的地域方言的语
14、言使用者们交际的时候会丰常困难。走出这种交际困境的一个解决方法就是语言的标准化即语言规划。这意味着某些权威组织，譬如某个国家的政府或政府机构首先选定某一特定的言语变体然后跨区域推广使用这种语言变体，包括它的发音和拼写体系等。2.Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in _.（分数：2.00）A.relationshipB.dependenceC.sentenceD.context 解析：解析 语义学和语用学的根本区别在于意义研究是否考虑语境。
15、不考虑语境，语义研究属于传统的语义学范围；考虑语境，意义研究就成了语用学研究的范围。3._ answers such question that how we as infants acquire our first language.（分数：2.00）A.Psycholinguistics B.Applied linguisticsC.SociolinguisticsD.Anthropological linguistics解析：解析 心理语言学研究的是语言和心理的相互关系。它重点解决以下问题：人类运用语言时的心理过程是怎样的，我们小时候是怎样习得母语的，交际过程中我们是用什么方式来识记并加
16、工我们所接收到的信息的。4.In linguistics, _ is focused on that how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.（分数：2.00）A.acoustic phoneticsB.articulatory phonetics C.auditory phoneticsD.none of the above解析：解析 语音学从三个既相互区别又相互联系的角度来审视语音现象。其中，从说话者的角度来研究语音，即说话者是怎样利用他们的发音器官发出声音来的，叫做发音语音学。5._ English ha
17、d been deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar.（分数：2.00）A.ModernB.Middle C.OldD.both A and B解析：解析 中古英语在词汇和语法方面都受到了诺曼底法语的深刻影响。6.Semantics can be defined as the study of _.（分数：2.00）A.namingB.meaning C.communicationD.context解析：解析 语义学可定义为对语言意义的研究。7.Psycholinguists are particularly i
18、nterested in _.（分数：2.00）A.brain lateralizationB.linguistic lateralization C.both A and BD.neither A nor B解析：解析 心理语言学家在对大脑左右半球侧化的研究中，对语言的侧化也就是说语言的神经转化特点兴趣颇高。人们发现大脑左半球具有语言优势的这种语言侧化现象在绝大多数人类的身上都存在。8.Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the _ system of language.（分数：2.00）A.phonologicalB.s
19、emanticC.grammatical D.communicative解析：解析 语言习得基本上是对语言中语法系统的习得。9.A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic _ that speakers implicitly consider well-formed, or grammatical sequences.（分数：2.00）A.speechesB.utterances C.eventsD.sentences解析：解析 句法规则在所有人类语言中都普遍存在，这些规则包括讲某种语言的
20、人内在的语言知识体系，这种语言知识体系被称作语言能力。语言学的一个主要目标就是要用一种连贯的、明晰的语法理论来说明句法规则是如何解释这种语法知识的。语法理论必须要给说话人认为明显属于合格句或者说是合乎语法的句子提供话语特征描述。10.Words can change their meanings by becoming more _.（分数：2.00）A.specializedB.generalizedC.simply acquiring a new meaningD.all of the above 解析：解析 一个词的意思也可能通过语义广义化或语义狭义化这样的过程背离它原来的外延意义。另一
21、种语义变化指一个单词的意义在实体方面的改变，这种变化方式叫做语义演变。语义广义化指的是一个单词的意义变得比它以前外延概括性更强、更具包含性的过程。语义的狭义化则是一个相反的过程，在此过程中一个单词的意思与它过去早期的意思相比，概括性和包含性变得越来越小。语义演变指一个单词丧失了它以前的意思而获得了一个新的、有时是与其原始意义有关的意思的语义变化过程。三、PART TWO(总题数：0，分数：0.00)11.Historical linguists are concerned with the historical development of languages and the processe
22、s involved in language c 1 . （分数：1.00）解析：change。解析 历史语言学主要涉及的是语言的历史变迁及与语言变化相关的历史发展过程。12.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s 1 studies, such as sociology and psychology. （分数：1.00）解析：social。解析 语言并不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在某特定的社会环境下所进行的一种社会活动。这样，
23、语言的研究就顺其自然地和其他社会研究的分支建立起密切的联系，从而导致了语言研究中其他交叉学科分支的应运而生。13.The human brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical h 1 , one is on the right and the other on the left. （分数：1.00）解析：hemispheres。解析 人的大脑可以被分为两个大体上对称的部分，称为脑半球，一个位于右侧，一个位于左侧。这两个脑半球，中间由许多互相联系的神经路径连结在一起。14.Speech sounds can be described in phy
24、sical or a 1 terms. Physically, sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another. （分数：1.00）解析：acoustic。解析 语音学从三个既相互区别又相互联系的角度来审视语音现象。人们用观察声音通过空气从一个人传给另一个人的物质手段声波，来研究声音传导的方式，被称为声学语音学。15.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern
25、English verb ask was Old English askian , with the /k/ preceding the /s/. Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m 1 . （分数：1.00）解析：metathesis。解析 在音位规则中，语音位移作为语音变化的结果，一般称为语音变位，它指的是两个相邻的语音在位置上的互换。古英语中涉及语音成分位置交换的例子有 bridd(鸟)和 hros(马)等。当这些词发生了语音变位之后，/r/音向元音右侧的位移就导致了它们在现代英语中的对应词 bird和hors
26、e。16.Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a f 1 verb or a verb phrase. （分数：1.00）解析：finite。解析 通常一个句子至少包括主语和谓语，谓语包含限定动词或动词词组。17.According to Searle, s 1 acts fall into five general categories, i.e. there are five general types of things we do with languag
27、e. （分数：1.00）解析：speech。解析 说话人说话时可以同时完成 3种行为：言内行为、言外行为和言后行为。舍尔的贡献之一在于他对言外行为的分类。根据舍尔的理论，言语分为 5种基本类型，即我们运用语言所做的事情有 5种基本类型，即阐述类、指令类、承诺类、表达类、宣告类。18.A s 1 community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety. （分数：1.00）解析：speech。解析 为了研究方便而被单独分离出来的社会团体叫做言
28、语社区。因此，言语社区为拥有同一种语言或同一语言变体并能够形成一个集体的一群人。一个言语社区最重要的特点就是这个团体的成员必须以某种合理的方式和该社区中的其他成员进行言语方面的相互交流。19.It is normally assumed that, by the age of f 1 , with an operating vocabulary of more than 2,000 words, children have completed the greater part of the language acquistion process. （分数：1.00）解析：five。解析 到儿童
29、 5岁的时候，由于他们大多已掌握了 2000多个词汇，事实上他们已经完成了语言习得的大部分课程。20.R 1 is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality. （分数：1.00）解析：Reference。解析 所指是词汇所指称的客观世界中的事物，它讨论的是语言形式和非语言世界之间的关系。21.major lexical category （分数：3.00）_正确答案：()解析：Major lexical c
30、ategories are open categories in the sense that new words are constantly added. English has four major lexical categories, which are noun, main verb, adjective and adverb.解析 语言中的词分为主要词类和次要词类。主要词类属于开放性词类，可以不断地纳入新词；次要词类属封闭性词类，这些词类中词的数量是固定的，不能添加新词。英语中有 4种主要词类和 6种次要词类，主要词类有名词、动词、形容词、副词。次要词类有限定词、助动词、介词、代
31、词、连词、感叹词。22.cerebral plasticity （分数：3.00）_正确答案：()解析：Cerebral plasticity refers to the neurological flexibility which enables one cerebral hemisphere of the brain to take over the function of the other if it is damaged because prior to the time of the completion of the lateralization process, both he
32、mispheres of the brain are involved to some extent in language.解析 Lenneberg 认为，关键期的结束正好是导致语言中枢定位于大脑左半球的侧化过程的完成。所以按照 Lenneberg的假设，在此阶段之前，大脑两个半球都与语言有一定程度的联系，且如果有一方受损另一方马上可以接替下来。这种神经官能上的灵活性在文献中被称为大脑可塑性。23.semantic narrowing （分数：3.00）_正确答案：()解析：Semantic narrowing refers to the process in which the meani
33、ng of a word becomes less general or in elusive than its historically earlier meaning.解析 在语义的狭义化过程中一个单词的意思与它过去早期的意思相比概括性和包含性变得越来越小。24.Broca“s area （分数：3.00）_正确答案：()解析：Broca“s area is one of the important areas of the left hemisphere vital to language, and it is located in the frontal lobe in the lef
34、t cerebral hemisphere. Language disorder resulting from the damage to Broca“s area reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.解析 布罗卡区位于大脑左半球额叶，是很重要的语言中枢。大脑中布罗卡区损伤所造成的语言紊乱主要表现为选词困难和句法方面的问题。25.narrow transcription （分数：3.00）_正确答案：()解析：A way to transcribe sounds. A set of symbols called
35、diacritics are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similar sounds, e.g. dark 26.arbitrariness （分数：3.00）_正确答案：()解析：By arbitrariness, we mean that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds, e.g. a dog might be a pig if only the first person or grou
36、p of persons had used it for a pig. Language is largely arbitrary, but not entirely arbitrary.解析 语言具有任意性，也就是说语言的声音和意义之间没有逻辑关系。最好的一个例证就是不同的语言里使用不同的声音来代表相同的事物。不过尽管语言从本质上讲是具有任意性特征的，但也并不尽然，每种语言里面都有直接模仿自然界声音的词汇。27.creole （分数：3.00）_正确答案：()解析：Creole refers to a language that is originally a pidgin, which c
37、omes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue, and children learn it as their first language.解析 克里奥耳语最初也是在一些言语社区中作为本族语发展起来的一种皮钦语。也就是说，当一种皮钦语被某一人口群体采纳为他们的母语，并且儿童们也把它作为第一语言来学习的时候，这种皮钦语就被称为克里奥耳语了。28.the naming theory （分数：3.00）_正确答案：()解析：One of the oldest notions concerning meaning, the naming
38、theory was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.解析 意义研究中最古老的理论之一是古希腊学者柏拉图所提出的命名论。根据这种理论，语
39、言形式或标记，或者说，语言中所用的词被看成是该词所指事物的名称或标记。29.coinage （分数：3.00）_正确答案：()解析：Coinage refers to the invention of a new word, often from the brand-name to trade-mark of a product. For example, kodak (film for photography).解析 创新词指的是创造出来一个新词的方法，通常是借用一个产品的品牌或商标等。30.diglossia （分数：3.00）_正确答案：()解析：Diglossia is a socio
40、linguistic situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each serving a particular social function and used for a particular situation.解析 双言指的是和双语现象相类似的一种社会语言现象，它经常被用来描述两种截然不同的语言变体共存于同一个言语社区的情况，每一种变体都具有其特别的纯粹的社会功能以适应某些特定场合的需要。通常会有一个较为标准的语言变体叫做高层次变体或简称 H变
41、体，这种变体一般用于较为正式或严肃的场合，譬如在政府、传媒、学校或教堂里所做的演说等。另外的一种声名稍逊色些的叫做低层次变体或简称 L变体，这种变体多用于口语或其他非正式的场合，譬如用于成员或者朋友们之间的谈话，或对仆人、侍者或工匠们的命令等。31.Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. （分数：10.00）_正确答案：()解析：The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes in
42、clude changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement. (1)Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling s
