1、现代语言学自考题-9 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.linguistics refers to the _ study of a language or languages at a single point in time, without reference to earlier or later stages. A. Diachronic B. Synchronic C. Historical D. Comparative（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.2.T
2、o form the present tense, 3rd person singular of the verb “teach“, we have to add “-es“, instead of just “-s“ to it. This is required by the _ of English. A. assimilation rule B. sequential rule C. deletion rule D. morphological rule（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.3.The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an impo
3、rtant suprasegmental feature of tone languages such as _. A. Chinese B. English C. Chinese and English D. English and French（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.4.Case Condition, Adjacency Condition and parameters are important components in the well-known theory of _. A. traditional grammar B. functional grammar C. un
4、iversal grammar D. phrase structure grammar（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.5.The naming theory was proposed by _. A. the Greek scholar Plato B. . Ogden and I.A.Richards C. the British linguist J.Firth D. the American linguist L.Bloomfield（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.6.Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in
5、 the _ because this kind of speech act is identical with the speakers intention. A. locutionary act B. illocutionary act C. perlocutionary act D. constative act（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.7.In first language acquisition children usually _ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear. A. use B. a
6、ccept C. generalize D. reconstruct（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.8.The differences between standard and non-standard, are different language varieties in a _ situation, and are parallel but not identical. A. diglossic B. bilingual C. linguistic D. sociolinguistic（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.9.A particular coding system compr
7、ises a particular set of arbitrary verbal symbols which do not arise from, nor do they give birth to, a particular _ system. A. conventional B. coding C. conceptual D. arbitrary（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.10.It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is
8、around _. A. 7800 B. 6800 C. 5800 D. 4800（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.Human capacity for language has a Ug /Ubasis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_12.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rathe
9、r than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as Ui /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_13.The meaning of a compound is often Ui /U, not always being the sum total of the meanings of its components.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_14.Morphology studies how words are formed, while Us /Ustudies how words are combined to fo
10、rm sentences.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_15.Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called Us /Ufeatures.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_16.“Your money or your life!“ aims to threaten, and is a specific instance of Ud /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_17.The major phon
11、ological change in the history of English known as the Great Vowel Shift involves seven long, or Ut /U, vowels of Middle English.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_18.UR /Uare situational dialects appropriate for use in particular situations; idiolect is a personal dialect.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_19.Its known that specialized
12、 linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a particular hemisphere of the brain. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called Ul /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_20.A learner has Ui /Umotivation when he learns a second language in order to u
13、se it functionally, while integrative motivation occurs when the learners goal is social.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_五、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an unlimited number of sentences because he possesses an internalized set of rules about his language.（分数：2.00）
14、A.正确B.错误22.Morphology is translated as 形态学.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误23.Lexical categories are generally known as parts of speech, and a language has major and minor lexical categories of a finite set.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误24.Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface st
15、ructure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误25.A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误26.The utterance meaning of a sentence remains the same in all contexts.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误27.Borrowing occurs when
16、one language takes a word or morpheme from another language and adds it to its lexicon.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误28.Bilingualism is a situation in which two different varieties of a language co-exist in a speech community.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误29.Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure of their
17、vocal cords.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误30.Interference from ones first language may occur at all levels of grammar.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误六、B/B(总题数：10，分数：30.00)31.cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)（分数：3.00）_32.vowel（分数：3.00）_33.linguistic competence（分数：3.00）_34.Move（分数：3.00）_35.homonymy
18、（分数：3.00）_36.illocutionary act（分数：3.00）_37.idiolect（分数：3.00）_38.slang（分数：3.00）_39.intrapersonal communication（分数：3.00）_40.interference（分数：3.00）_七、B/B(总题数：2，分数：20.00)41.Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word, and modify the meaning of a stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the ori
19、ginal word. Do you think it is true? Support your answer with examples.（分数：10.00）_42.What is the difference between bilingualism and diglossia?（分数：10.00）_现代语言学自考题-9 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.linguistics refers to the _ study of a language or langua
20、ges at a single point in time, without reference to earlier or later stages. A. Diachronic B. Synchronic C. Historical D. Comparative（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 语言存在于时间之中并随着时间的推移而发展变化着。对处于某一时间点的语言所作的描述叫做共时性研究；对随时间的推移而发生变化的语言所作的描述，叫做历时性研究。2.To form the present tense, 3rd person singular of the verb “teac
21、h“, we have to add “-es“, instead of just “-s“ to it. This is required by the _ of English. A. assimilation rule B. sequential rule C. deletion rule D. morphological rule（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 英语里的一个序列规则是塞擦音t?d?和咝音sz?不允许后接另一个咝音。所以在表示一个名词的复数形式或一般现在时第三人称单数的时候，如果该单词的原形以塞擦音或咝音结尾的话，必须要附加一个元音i如：teachti:t
22、?teachesti:t?iz。3.The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone languages such as _. A. Chinese B. English C. Chinese and English D. English and French（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 声调是由于声带振动速率的不同而引起的音高变化。音高变化可以同音位一样区别意义，因此，声调也是一个超切分特征。声调区别意义的功能在我们称之为声调语言的语言中尤其重要。英语不属
23、于声调语言。我们的母语汉语是典型的声调语言，她有 4 种声调。4.Case Condition, Adjacency Condition and parameters are important components in the well-known theory of _. A. traditional grammar B. functional grammar C. universal grammar D. phrase structure grammar（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 普遍语法原则包括格条件，还有关于格的指定的毗邻条件和普遍语法参数。5.The nami
24、ng theory was proposed by _. A. the Greek scholar Plato B. . Ogden and I.A.Richards C. the British linguist J.Firth D. the American linguist L.Bloomfield（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 意义研究中最古老的理论之一是古希腊学者柏拉图所提出的命名论。根据这种理论，语言形式或标记，或者说，语言中所用的词被看成是该词所指事物的名称或标记。6.Of the three speech acts, linguists are most int
25、erested in the _ because this kind of speech act is identical with the speakers intention. A. locutionary act B. illocutionary act C. perlocutionary act D. constative act（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 在 3 种言语行为中，语言学家最感兴趣的是言外行为，因为这种言语行为与说话人的意图一致。7.In first language acquisition children usually _ grammatical
26、 rules from the linguistic information they hear. A. use B. accept C. generalize D. reconstruct（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语言习得的学者们所普遍认同的一个观点是，儿童习得母语的时候并不是通过语法规则在形式上的指导。孩子们通常自己构筑他们个人的语法体系，并从他们所听来的信息中概括出语言规则。他们语言的发展分阶段进行直至他们接近了成年人的语法准则。儿童们的语法并不是丝毫不差地向成年交际团体模仿，因为他们所接触到的是形形色色的语言信息。更重要的是，孩子们有强烈的简化和统一语法规则的欲望
27、，尤其是当他们看到成年人在选择性地使用某些规则的时候。8.The differences between standard and non-standard, are different language varieties in a _ situation, and are parallel but not identical. A. diglossic B. bilingual C. linguistic D. sociolinguistic（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 标准语与非标准语的区别，一方面它们在社会语言环境中是不同的语言变体，另一方面，它们既很相似又不是完全相
28、同。9.A particular coding system comprises a particular set of arbitrary verbal symbols which do not arise from, nor do they give birth to, a particular _ system. A. conventional B. coding C. conceptual D. arbitrary（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 尽管所有的人类具有相同的一般概念化能力，但自然语言还是形成了不同的编码系统，一种特殊的编码系统都含有一套特殊的任意的语言符号，
29、这种语言符号既不是起因于、也不导致某种特殊的概念系统的产生。使用不同语言的人能够用表示相同客观世界的那些各不相同的语言编码系统来区别和辨别不同的经验。10.It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around _. A. 7800 B. 6800 C. 5800 D. 4800（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 据估计，大约 6 岁的说英语的学龄儿童的基本词汇量，如果把词干和屈折派生词都算作独立的单词加以计算的话，大约
30、要有 7800 个左右。三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.Human capacity for language has a Ug /Ubasis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：genetic。）解析：解析 尽管人类的语言能力有一定的遗传基础，即我们生来就具有习得某种语言的能力，但并非所有的语言细节都能通过遗传获得，而是要通过教或学才可得以完成，这就说明语言具有文化传递性。12.When p
31、itch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as Ui /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：intonation。）解析：解析 句子中除了孤立的单词外，还被附加上了音高、重音和音长等因素，所有这些东西统称为语调。语调在任何语言里都发挥着传导意义的作用，尤其是在像英语这样的语言里。13.The meaning of a compound is often Ui /U, not always
32、being the sum total of the meanings of its components.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：idiomatic。）解析：解析 一个复合词的意思经常是约定俗成的，而不总是它各个组成部分意思的综合。例如blackleg 并不是一条黑颜色的腿。14.Morphology studies how words are formed, while Us /Ustudies how words are combined to form sentences.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：syntax。）解析：解析 形态学研究的是单词
33、的构成，而句法学研究单词怎样构成句子。15.Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called Us /Ufeatures.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：semantic。）解析：解析 成分分析是由结构语义学家所提出的、分析词的意思的方法。这种方法所基于的观点是：词义可以分成不同的意义成分，叫做语义特征。16.“Your money or your life!“ aims to threat
34、en, and is a specific instance of Ud /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：directives。）解析：解析 指令类的言外之意是说话人试图让听话人做某事。邀请、建议、请求、警告、威胁、命令都是典型的指令类。“你是要钱还是要命!”这句威胁的话很显然是指令类的言语。17.The major phonological change in the history of English known as the Great Vowel Shift involves seven long, or Ut /U, vowels of Middle Engli
35、sh.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：tense。）解析：解析 英语中最重要的、影响英语元音最广泛的一系列变化发生在中世纪英语时期的末期，即大约在公元 1400 年到 1600 年之间。这些变化导致了英语中的词素与其语音表象之间的一些主要的差别即现代英语中发音和拼写系统的不一致。这在英语历史中以主要元音转移著称。这些语音系统的变化主要涉及英语中 7 个长一紧元音。18.UR /Uare situational dialects appropriate for use in particular situations; idiolect is a personal dialect.
36、（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Registers。）解析：解析 语域是与一定交际情景相适应的语言变体，它又被称为语言的情景变体。19.Its known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a particular hemisphere of the brain. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called
37、Ul /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：lateralization。）解析：解析 现在人们已经知道，那种特殊的语言和感知技能分别位于大脑的某一个特定的半球。对大多数人而言，大脑左半球主要负责语言能力，而大脑右半球不仅负责对非语言即声音及音乐旋律的感知，而且还控制着人的视觉及空间能力。人类的认知与感知功能定位于某一特定半球的现象被称为大脑的侧化。20.A learner has Ui /Umotivation when he learns a second language in order to use it functionally, while integrative
38、motivation occurs when the learners goal is social.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：instrumental。）解析：解析 成年人出于交际需要产生了学习第二语言的动机。他们学习第二语言是为了应用其功能，或者出于社交需要。因此，当学习者的目标为功能性的时候就产生了工具性学习动机；当学习者的目标为社交时就产生了介入性学习动机。五、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an unlimited number of
39、 sentences because he possesses an internalized set of rules about his language.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 乔姆斯基认为一个说话者拥有一套内化了的语言规则，所以说话的人能说出并理解无数的句子，只是他不能说清楚这些规则到底是什么。所以语言学家的任务就是发现并能够详细地说明这些规则。22.Morphology is translated as 形态学.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 Morphology 被译为形态学。23.Lexical categories are general
40、ly known as parts of speech, and a language has major and minor lexical categories of a finite set.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 词类一般被称为词性，一种语言有主要词类和数量有限的次要词类。24.Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two leve
41、ls of representation.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 我们说句子有深层结构和表层结构两个层面的句法表现形式，但这并不意味着我们因此就认为句子在不同的层面上必定要看上去不一样。由于并不是所有的句子都发生位移，所以有些句子在深层结构和表层结构的表现形式是完全一样的。改正：Since syntactic movement does not occur to all sentences, the D-structure and S-structure of some sentences look exactly the same at different level
42、s of representation.25.A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 句子在语义上是否有意义是受被称为选择限制的规则支配的，即对词汇间的相互搭配进行限制。有些句子可能在语法上合格，但在语义上可能没有意义，原因在于它们含有不应该搭配在一起的词，因而违反了选择限制规则。例如：Green clouds are sleeping furiously.改正：A grammatically well-formed sentence is n
43、ot necessarily semantically well-formed. The reason is that it may violate the selectional restrictions. For example, Green clouds are sleeping furiously. Though the above sentence is grammatically perfect, the problem is that no one has ever seen any green clouds, and clouds never sleep, still less sleep furiously.26.The utterance meaning of a sentence remains t
