1、现代语言学自考题-7 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Modern linguistics focuses on the present-day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a _ point of view. A. sociological B. synchronic C. diachronic D. psychological（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.2.If you
2、 put a finger in each ear and say “z-z-z-z-z“, you can feel the vibrations of the _. A. glottis B. windpipe C. larynx D. vocal cords（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.3._ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. A. Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Affixes（分数：2
3、.00）A.B.C.D.4.A _ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. A. lexical B. phrasal C. syntactic D. phonetic（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.5.Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl“ and “la
4、ss“ belong is called _ synonyms. A. stylistic B. dialectal C. emotive D. collocational（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.6.The illocutionary point of _ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality. A. directives B. decla
5、rations C. commissives D. representatives（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.7.Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable extent, _. A. regular but not systematic B. irregular and systematic C. regular and systematic D. irregular but systematic（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.8.A particular register often disting
6、uishes itself from other registers by all the following except _. A. having a number of distinctive words B. using words or phrases in a particular way C. showing special social identities D. using such special grammatical constructions as scientific or legal language, etc.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.9.A signa
7、l coming in the left ear will go to the _ hemisphere. A. right B. left C. front D. back（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.10.In the _ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，
8、分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.The grammar which is taught to the language learners today is basically Up /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_12.The /l/ in /hel/, followed by the English dental sound / is called a Ud /U/l/.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_13.The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freel
9、y all by themselves are called Uf /Umorphemes.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_14.The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is Ul /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_15.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items. The word that is more general in m
10、eaning is called Us /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_16.According to Searles classification of illocutionary acts, “to suggest that someone should see the doctor“ should fall into the category of Ud /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_17.UD /Urefers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the ro
11、ots, stems, or words.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_18.The use of Us /Ulanguage does not mean that it is the language that is sexist but rather the social attitudes connoted in the language that is sexist.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_19.Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the Ul /Uhemisphere of the b
12、rain.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_20.The emergence of articulatory skills begins around the age when children start to produce Ub /Usounds.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_五、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to
13、over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors“ for language usage.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误22.In the production of vowels, the air stream meets the same kind of obstruction as in the production of consonants.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误23.A root must be combined with ano
14、ther root to form a word.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误24.Clauses may stand structurally independent as complete statements, and also be combined with other clauses to form sentences.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误25.The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and
15、 linguistic context.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误26.Speech act theory aims to answer the question “What do we do when using language?“（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误27.The word knight once meant “youth“, but was elevated in meaning in time for the age of chivalry. This is an example of semantic broadening.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误28
16、.The standard language and the nonstandard language are both socially prestigious.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误29.Language processing centres within the brain are situated in different areas of the left hemisphere of the human brain.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误30.Human beings are genetically predetermined to acquire langu
17、age, and this is sufficient for language development.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误六、B/B(总题数：10，分数：30.00)31.duality（分数：3.00）_32.manner of articulation（分数：3.00）_33.root（分数：3.00）_34.Case Condition（分数：3.00）_35.behaviourism as a semantic view（分数：3.00）_36.speech act theory（分数：3.00）_37.elaboration（分数：3.00）_38.ethnic d
18、ialect（分数：3.00）_39.syntax（分数：3.00）_40.D-structure（分数：3.00）_七、B/B(总题数：2，分数：20.00)41.In some dialects of English, the word “ask“ is pronounced ?ks, and childrens speech shows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal“ for “animal“. Now explain sound movement by giving examples. State t
19、he difference between sound movement and sound addition by examples.（分数：10.00）_42.Explain the term “euphemism“ with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic cliches?（分数：10.00）_现代语言学自考题-7 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、
20、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Modern linguistics focuses on the present-day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a _ point of view. A. sociological B. synchronic C. diachronic D. psychological（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 在现代语言学中，共时性研究比历时性研究更受人青睐。其主要原因是，对一种语言不同时期的状况进行成功的研究之前，人们很难对它在历史变迁中所发生
21、的变化进行描述。人们一般把共时性的描述看做是对时下现存语言的描述，大多数的语言学研究皆属此类。2.If you put a finger in each ear and say “z-z-z-z-z“, you can feel the vibrations of the _. A. glottis B. windpipe C. larynx D. vocal cords（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 当气流从肺部发出后，流经气管(windpipe)，通向声门(glottis)。声门是喉(larynx)的一部分，是位于气管尽头的软骨结构，这是声音从肺部发出后可能被改变的第一个部
22、位。横在声门之间的就是声带(vocal card)。声门关闭时，中间只有一条窄缝，气流通过时引起声带振动，这种由于声带振动而发出的音叫做浊音。英语中所有元间和一些辅音，如b，z，m等都是浊音。所以当我们发 z-z-z 音时，能感到声带的振动。3._ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. A. Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Affixes（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 前缀会对词根的意思
23、有所修改，但通常不改变原来单词的词类或词性。4.A _ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. A. lexical B. phrasal C. syntactic D. phonetic（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 除了句子和子句以外，句法类型通常是指在句中起一定语法作用的词(称作词类)或者词组(称作词组类)，比如句中的主语。可以相互替
24、换而又不改变语法属性的成分属于同一句法类型。5.Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl“ and “lass“ belong is called _ synonyms. A. stylistic B. dialectal C. emotive D. collocational（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 同义词可以分为方言同义词、语体同义词、情感同义词等。“girl”在英国苏格兰方言中叫做“lass“或“lassie”。6.The illocutionary point of _
25、has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality. A. directives B. declarations C. commissives D. representatives（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 宣告类的特点在于此类行为的顺利实施使得客观现实与所表达的命题内容相一致。7.Language change is universal, c
26、ontinuous and, to a considerable extent, _. A. regular but not systematic B. irregular and systematic C. regular and systematic D. irregular but systematic（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语言的变化是普遍的、持续的，而且在很大程度上来讲，是系统的且有规则可循的。8.A particular register often distinguishes itself from other registers by all the f
27、ollowing except _. A. having a number of distinctive words B. using words or phrases in a particular way C. showing special social identities D. using such special grammatical constructions as scientific or legal language, etc.（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 某一特定的团体总是会使用同一种语域，例如具有同一种职业的人如医生、教师和律师，或具有相同兴趣的人如
28、集邮者、足球迷等。一种语域之所以有别于其他语域，是因为它有大量的专用词汇，有独特的使用词汇或短语的方法，有时甚至会有独特的语法结构等，例如科技语言或法律语言就是如此。9.A signal coming in the left ear will go to the _ hemisphere. A. right B. left C. front D. back（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 两耳分听作业的实验表明，从左耳进来的信号常常会输往大脑右半球，反之亦然。10.In the _ stage, children begin to produce longer utterance
29、s with more complex grammatical structures. A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 在 2 至 3 岁之间，儿童们的语言发展跨越了双词句阶段，进入多词句阶段，并开始说更长的话语，其语法结构也更为复杂。三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.The grammar which is taught to the language learners today is basic
30、ally Up /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：prescriptive。）解析：解析 现代语言学，即 20 世纪所进行的语言学研究，大多数是描述性的。它和通常被称作“语法”的语言研究大相径庭。早期的语法主要依赖的是“高级”(宗教、文学)的书面语言，它们规定了很多模式让语言使用者们模仿。直到今天，在学习语言的学生中所教授的语法总体上来讲依然是规定性的。它总是教导初学者们应该说什么，抑或什么才是可以接受的正确用法。12.The /l/ in /hel/, followed by the English dental sound / is called a Ud /U/l/.（
31、分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：dental。）解析：解析 在hel这个声音组合中，l音后面紧跟着一个齿音，在发音时它或多或少地会受到后面齿音的影响。因此这样的l被称作齿音*，在严式标音法中用附加符号n来表示，那么它的音标应标示为*。13.The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called Uf /Umorphemes.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：free。）解析：解析 一些词素实则是单词本身，因为它们是独立的
32、、可以自由使用的意义单位，所以它们被称作自由词素。14.The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is Ul /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：linear。）解析：解析 在说或者写一个句子时，句子中的词是按先后次序逐个出现的，同时，听或读也是按先后顺序一个接一个地进行。句子中词的这种先后顺序表明句子结构是线性结构。15.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and
33、general lexical items. The word that is more general in meaning is called Us /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：superordinate。）解析：解析 上下义关系指的是具有概括性、包括性的词和具体意义的词之间的意义关系。具有概括意义的词叫做上义词，意义比较具体的词叫做下义词。具有同一个上义词的下义词叫做并列下义词。16.According to Searles classification of illocutionary acts, “to suggest that someone should
34、see the doctor“ should fall into the category of Ud /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：directives。）解析：解析 指令类的言外之意是说话人试图让听话人做某事。邀请、建议、请求、警告、威胁、命令都是典型的指令类。建议某人去看医生属于指令类。17.UD /Urefers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：De
35、rivation。）解析：解析 派生法指的是通过把词缀添加到词根、词干或单词上面以构成新词的过程。18.The use of Us /Ulanguage does not mean that it is the language that is sexist but rather the social attitudes connoted in the language that is sexist.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：sexist。）解析：解析 男性至上主义语言的使用并不是说某种语言是男性至上的，而是说这种语言所内含的社会观念是男性至上的。19.Language f
36、unctions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the Ul /Uhemisphere of the brain.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：left。）解析：解析 尽管大脑的左右两个半球在认知和感知活动的很多方面都有互补的侧化关系，但语言功能的侧化现象据信主要发生在大脑的左半球。20.The emergence of articulatory skills begins around the age when children start to produce Ub /Usounds.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_
37、 （正确答案：babbling。）解析：解析 儿童们咿呀学语的时候发音技巧就开始显露出来了。五、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors“ f
38、or language usage.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 过去，传统的语法学家们都有过分强调书面语重要性的倾向，这部分是由于书面语言的相对恒定性。在发明录音之前，人们很难处理那些谈话中稍纵即逝的语言。另外，传统的古典教育也负有一些责任，它总是鼓励人们去模仿文学“大家”们的语言使用方法。22.In the production of vowels, the air stream meets the same kind of obstruction as in the production of consonants.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 在发元
39、音的时候，气流不会受到任何阻碍，所以元音不能像辅音那样按照发音方法和发音位置进行分类。改正：In the production of vowels the air stream meets with no obstruction.23.A root must be combined with another root to form a word.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 词根经常被看成是单词的一部分，尽管它具有比较清晰、确切的意思，却不能够独立存在，它必须和其他词根或词缀一起才能构成一个单词。这样的词根在英语里数不胜数。改正：It can also be combine
40、d with an affix to form a word, e.g. geo-(地球)and - ology(学科)form geology(地质学).24.Clauses may stand structurally independent as complete statements, and also be combined with other clauses to form sentences.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 简单句属于完整的陈述，在结构上可以独立存在，这种类型的子句叫做句子。子句还可以被并入其他子句，在这种情况下，它们通常叫做从属子句，而不是句子
41、。25.The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 语境论建立在下列假设之上：意义源于语境，存在于语境。语境有两种：情景语境和上下文。26.Speech act theory aims to answer the question “What do we do when using language?“（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.
42、错误解析：解析 言语行为理论是语用学研究中的一个重要理论。它是英国哲学家约翰奥斯汀提出的，它从哲学意义上对语言交际的本质进行解释，其目的在于回答“用语言干什么”这个问题。27.The word knight once meant “youth“, but was elevated in meaning in time for the age of chivalry. This is an example of semantic broadening.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 单词 knight 曾经指 youth(青春)，现在指“骑士”，它是词义转换的一个例子。改正：Th
43、e statement is not true. This is not an example of semantic broadening, but an example of semantic shift.28.The standard language and the nonstandard language are both socially prestigious.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 标准语是语言中一种强制的、享有一定社交声望的方言。这种语言被广泛应用于政府和司法系统，被作为大众媒介的传播形式，并在包括把语言作为外语或第二语言来学习的学校设施在内的教育机构中得以传授。凡属标准语之外的那些语言变体都被叫做非标准语或本地语。有人坚持认为非标准语是一种不规范的语言，语言学家们则
