1、现代语言学自考题-4 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.The study of language as a whole is often called _ linguistics. A. particular B. general C. ordinary D. generative（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.2.Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the _ properties of the stream of sound
2、s which a speaker issues. A. oral B. mental C. physical D. recorded（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.3.In the word suitable, “_ able“ is a morpheme. A. derivational B. inflectional C. root D. stem（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.4.The subordinate clause in a complex sentence is normally called _ clause. A. an embedded B. a main C.
3、a matrix D. a major（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.5.“There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world)“. This is the _ view concerning the study of meaning. A. naming theory B. conceptualist C. contextualist D. behaviourist（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.6._ resul
4、ted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. A. Pragmatics B. Pragmatism C. Phonology D. Practicalism（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.7.Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g. Old English noun had four cases, nominative, genitive, dative and _. A. possessive B. vo
5、cative C. accusative D. locative（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.8.In a speech community people have something in common _ -a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it. A. socially B. linguistically C. culturally D. pragmatically（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.9.Which of the major mental functions listed
6、 below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? A. language and speech. B. visual and spatial skills. C. reading and writing. D. analytic reasoning.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.10.Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition? A. Language acquisitio
7、n is a process of habit formation. B. Language acquisition is the species specific property of human beings. C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language. D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.0
8、0)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.The ultimate objective of language is to convey Um /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_12.The /n/ sound in the combination /b?tn/ is called Us /Unasal.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_13.Inflectional morphology studies the Ui /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_14.Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words
9、 to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speakers system of Ui /Ulinguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_15.UB /U, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.（分数：1.0
10、0）填空项 1:_16.Linguistic change occurs in all Uc /Uof the grammar.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_17.US /Uare varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_18.Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals are believed to reside in the Uc /U.（分
11、数：1.00）填空项 1:_19.All normal human beings acquire their Un /Ulanguage at a given time of life and in an appropriate linguistic environment.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_20.For any natural language, a set of Us /Urules are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences in that language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_五、B/B(总题数
12、：10，分数：20.00)21.After the emergence of a new linguistic theory often emerges a new teaching approach or method.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误22.We use dark at the end of a word after a vowel or before a consonant, such as feel and little , and clear l before a vowel, such as loaf . From the phonological point of
13、 view, dark （分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误23.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误24.A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence
14、.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误25.Sense and reference are of the same thing in meaning study.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误26.A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误27.In Modern English, both auxiliary verbs and main verbs can be fronted in interr
15、ogative sentences.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误28.People belonging to different social groups may speak differently although they were born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误29.The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the lef
16、t hemisphere is language-dominant.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误30.Children make virtually no word order errors at the multiword stage.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误六、B/B(总题数：10，分数：30.00)31.diachronic study（分数：3.00）_32.phonetics（分数：3.00）_33.inflectional morphemes（分数：3.00）_34.recursiveness（分数：3.00）_35.stylistic synonyms（分数：3.
17、00）_36.expressives（分数：3.00）_pounding（分数：3.00）_38.language centers（分数：3.00）_39.cerebral cortex（分数：3.00）_40.language transfer（分数：3.00）_七、B/B(总题数：2，分数：20.00)41.Explain the following statement: For any natural language, a set of syntactic rules are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences in t
18、hat language.（分数：10.00）_42.Explain what is sense and what is reference with examples.（分数：10.00）_现代语言学自考题-4 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.The study of language as a whole is often called _ linguistics. A. particular B. general C. ordinary D. generative（
19、分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。2.Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the _ properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues. A. oral B. mental C. physical D. recorded（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语音学研究中，有一种方法是人们通过观察声音通过空气从一个人传给另一个人的物质手段音波，来研究声音传导的方式，它叫做声学语音学。3.In the word
20、 suitable, “_ able“ is a morpheme. A. derivational B. inflectional C. root D. stem（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 英语中黏着词素分为词根和词缀。词根有较清晰、确切的意思。词缀分为屈折词缀(inflectional affixes)和派生词缀(derivational affixes)。屈折词缀表示诸如数、时态等的语法关系。很显然题干中-able 并没有语法范畴含义，它只是加到 suit 后使其改变为形容词，所以它是派生词素。4.The subordinate clause in a complex
21、 sentence is normally called _ clause. A. an embedded B. a main C. a matrix D. a major（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 复合句中的两个子句在地位上是不同的，其中一个子句从属于另一个子句。被合并的子句或者说居于从属地位的子句通常叫做从属子句，而包纳从属子句的子句被称作主句。5.“There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real wor
22、ld)“. This is the _ view concerning the study of meaning. A. naming theory B. conceptualist C. contextualist D. behaviourist（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 意念论认为语言形式与其所指事物之间(即语言与现实世界之间)的关系不是直接的，而是间接的，是在对意义的解释过程中以人脑中的概念为中介而联系起来的。这一点可以通过语义三角加以阐明：*6._ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguist
23、ics, especially that of semantics. A. Pragmatics B. Pragmatism C. Phonology D. Practicalism（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 语用学是语言学领域中一个比较新兴的研究分支，主要是语言学，尤其是语义学研究延伸的结果。7.Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g. Old English noun had four cases, nominative, genitive, dative and _. A. possessive B. vocati
24、ve C. accusative D. locative（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 古英语从形态学的角度来看，接近半数的名词都有屈折形式以分别表示主格、属格、与格及受格等。8.In a speech community people have something in common _ -a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it. A. socially B. linguistically C. culturally D. pragmatically（分数：2.00）A.B.
25、C.D.解析：解析 为了研究方便而被单独分离出来的社会团体叫做言语社区。因此，言语社区为拥有同一种语言或同一语言变体并能够形成一个集体的一群人。一个言语社区最重要的特点就是这个团体的成员必须以某种合理的方式和该社区中的其他成员进行言语方面的相互交流。9.Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? A. language and speech. B. visual and spatial skills. C. rea
26、ding and writing. D. analytic reasoning.（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 每个大脑半球所负责的某些主要智力功能的大脑侧化的情况是：左半球，语言和言语行为、分解推理、时间顺序、读写能力、计算、联想。右半球，非语言声音的感知、整体推理、视觉及空间能力、模型辨认、音乐旋律的识别。10.Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition? A. Language acquisition is a process of habit
27、formation. B. Language acquisition is the species specific property of human beings. C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language. D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 行为主义学习理论的支持者认为儿童的言语行为是以刺激和因之而产生的反应之间的联系为条件的
28、。按照此理论，如果儿童“差”的言语能够得以纠正，“好”的言语能够得到加强，他们就一定能逐渐掌握他们的言语社区所使用的正确的语言形式。这样，与儿童语言习得有关的行为主义学习理论认为儿童语言习得是一个习惯形成的过程。三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.The ultimate objective of language is to convey Um /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：meaning。）解析：解析 语言的终极目的不只是为了创造出合乎语法规范的句子，而是为了传导意义。这样，对语言意义的研究得以慢慢
29、地发展，这就是大家所知道的主语义学。12.The /n/ sound in the combination /b?tn/ is called Us /Unasal.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：syllabic。）解析：解析 鼻音n在语音组合ten和b?tn中是截然不同的。在语音组合b?tn中，鼻音n和它前面的另外一个辅音一起构成一个音节。这种特殊的鼻音叫做“鼻音节”，一般用放在音标下面的*符号来代表，即n。13.Inflectional morphology studies the Ui /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：inflections。）解析：解析
30、 形态学可以进一步被划分为两个更小的分支：屈折形态学和词汇形态学(也叫派生形态学)。前者研究的是单词的屈折变化，后者研究的是构词法。14.Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speakers system of Ui /Ulinguistic knowledge known a
31、s linguistic competence.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：internalized。）解析：解析 句法学是语法的重要组成部分，它由一套抽象的规则组成，这些规则能够使词相互结合构成合乎语法的句子。句法规则在所有人类语言中都普遍存在，这些规则包括讲某种语言的人内在的语言知识体系，这种语言知识体系被称作语言能力。15.UB /U, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Behaviourism。）解析：解析 行为主义
32、者试图把词汇意义定义为“说话人说出话语并引起听话人作出反应的情景”。(布龙菲尔德，1933)。这种理论和语境论比较接近，和人们对心理学的兴趣有关。16.Linguistic change occurs in all Uc /Uof the grammar.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：components。）解析：解析 我们把语言在语法方面的变化称为语言系统方面的变化。语言系统的变化遍及语法范畴所有的组成部分，包括语音、形态、句法、词汇和语义系统等方面的变化。17.US /Uare varieties of language used by people belonging t
33、o particular social classes.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Sociolects。）解析：解析 社会方言是某个特定社会阶层的人所使用的语言变体。同一种社会方言的使用者通常具有相同的社会背景。社会方言的研究涉及一系列言语使用群体在语言使用中的社会变量，譬如教育变体、年龄变体和性别变体等。18.Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals are believed to reside in the Uc /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案
34、：cotrex。）解析：解析 大脑中最重要的一部分是位于大脑外面表层的被称为大脑皮层的东西。大脑皮层是决定作出的器官，它负责从所有的感官接收信息并引发所有的随意活动。许多人类所特有的、区别于其他哺乳动物的认识能力如复杂的推理能力、语言技能及音乐才能等据信都是在大脑皮层进行的。19.All normal human beings acquire their Un /Ulanguage at a given time of life and in an appropriate linguistic environment.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：native。）解析：解析 不
35、论人们的文化背景如何，所有正常人都能在他们生命的特定阶段，在被提供了充分的接触语言机会的合适语言环境中，习得他们的本族语。20.For any natural language, a set of Us /Urules are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences in that language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：syntactic。）解析：解析 对于任何一种自然语言，一套句法规则可以产生出无穷多的句子，也就是说，任何语言的句法规则都是有限的，而说话人能够说出和理解的句子的数量是无限的。五、B/B(总
36、题数：10，分数：20.00)21.After the emergence of a new linguistic theory often emerges a new teaching approach or method.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 从狭义上来讲，应用语言学指的是语言理论和原则在语言教学中的应用，尤其是在外语学习和第二语言教学中的应用。一种新的教学理念或教学方法的出现总是和某种新的语言学理论相伴而生的。22.We use dark at the end of a word after a vowel or before a consonant, such
37、 as feel and little , and clear l before a vowel, such as loaf . From the phonological point of view, dark （分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 英语中l的发音：在元音前使用清晰的l，在一个单词的末尾或位于一个元音之后的时候，使用模糊的*，我们从音位学的角度看，这两个音其实是一致的，尽管它们在发音上有所不同，但它们在区别单词和意义的交际过程中却具有同样一种功能。改正：From the phonological point of view, dark * and clearlare
38、 fundamentally the same because despite their difference in pronunciation they have one and the same function in communication, in distinguishing between words and meanings.23.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress
39、.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 从语音的角度来看，一个复合词的重音经常是落在第一个复合成分上，而第二个成分只有次重音。24.A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 简单句只含有一个子句，它包含有一个主语和一个谓语，该子句单独构成句子。25.Sense and reference are of the same thing i
40、n meaning study.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 意义和所指是意义的两个相关但却不同的方面。意义是词汇内在的、抽象的、游离于语境之外的含义，是词汇所有特征的集合。这个意义正是词典编纂者感兴趣的。所指是词汇所指称的客观世界中的事物，所指讨论的是语言形式和非语言世界之间的关系。改正：Sense and reference are two related but different aspects of meaning. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized, while reference refers to the real
41、, physical world.26.A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 言内行为是说出词、短语、分句的行为，是通过句法、词汇和音位等手段表达字面意义的行为。27.In Modern English, both auxiliary verbs and main verbs can be fronted in interrogative sentences.（分数：2.00）A.正确
42、B.错误 解析：解析 在现代英语中，助动词的句法作用和主要动词的不同在于，只有助动词才可以在疑问句中前置。但在 16 世纪以前，就不曾存在过这种助动词和主要动词之间的句法差别。改正：The syntactic behavior of auxiliary verbs differs from that of main verbs in that only auxiliary verbs can be fronted in interrogative sentences.28.People belonging to different social groups may speak differe
43、ntly although they were born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 两个在同一个城市出生长大且使用同一种地域方言的人可能会因为许多社会的因素而表现出言谈上的不同。如果他们分属不同的社会团体的话，那么这种现象就尤为明显。他们的社会背景会有意无意地影响他们对语言特征的选择，以适应他们各自的社会身份。29.The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left hemisphere is language-dominant.（分数：2.00）A.正确B
