1、现代语言学自考题-27 及答案解析(总分：58.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、lilist-style-type:n(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：28，分数：28.00)1.From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a dialectal variety of a language.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误2.When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, socio
2、linguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误3.In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in: He dont know nothing. He dont like nobody. He dont g
3、ot none.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误4.People belonging to different social groups may speak differently although they were born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误5.Women in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive to the soci
4、al significance of certain linguistic variables.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误6.Bilingualism is a situation in which two different varieties of a language coexist in a speech community.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误7.From a linguistic point of view, it is justified to regard the standard variety of a language as “correct“, “
5、logical“ and “pure“.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误8.The standard language and the nonstandard language are both socially prestigious.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误9.in medieval times, a trade language came into use in the Mediterranean ports. It consisted of Italian mixed with French, Spanish, Greek, Arabic, and Turkish, and
6、 it was called Lingua Franca, “Frankish language.“ The term lingua franca was generalized to other languages similarly used as a trade or Communication medium. Thus, any language can be a lingua franca.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误10.Sex-preferential differentiation in terms of speech varieties of males and fem
7、ales exists in only some of the natural languages across the world.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误11.An individual speakers linguistic performance is homogeneous, rather than heterogeneous.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误12.It is obvious that the standard variety of language is the correct form of language.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误13.T
8、he sentences “He crazy“ and “He be sick all the time“ are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误14.In all the countries, the standard language serves as a yardstick against which all other varieti
9、es are measured.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误15.A lingua franca may be used internationally across the world.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误16.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.（
10、分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误17.The assumption that Black English is “genetically inferior“, “deficient“ and “incomplete“ is quite reasonable.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误18.The situational use of language is, to a large extent, socially dependent.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误19.Difference in ones pronunciation may also have a bearing
11、on the amount of schooling individual speakers have received.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误20.In most bilingual communities, two language have the same function in speech situations known as domains.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误21.The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its regional background.（
12、分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误22.A lingua franca may, but does not need to, be a native language currently spoken by a particular people.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误23.In the ethnic variety of Black English, the word-final-stop-deletion rule does occur in all words that end in stop consonants.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误24.There are d
13、ifferences in the way people of various age categories speak. The differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误25.The term dialect, as a technical term in linguistics, carries value judgement and not simply refers to a distinct form of language.
14、（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误26.Perfect bilingualism is uncommon because it is rare for individuals to be a perfect user of two languages in a full range of situations.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误27.Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties are regarded as substandard languages. Only standa
15、rd varieties are regarded as the only correct, logical and pure, and are effective in expressing ideas in communication.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误28.One striking fact about the asymmetry between male and female terms in many languages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most part
16、is unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or by compounding.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误三、B(总题数：18，分数：18.00)29.linguistic taboo（分数：1.00）_30.pidgin（分数：1.00）_31.speech variety（分数：1.00）_32.address terms（分数：1.00）_33.lingua franca（分数：1.00）_34.registers（分数：1.00）_35.ethnic dialect（分数：1.00
17、）_36.slang（分数：1.00）_37.high variety（分数：1.00）_38.sociolinguistics（分数：1.00）_39.nonstandard languages（分数：1.00）_40.code-switching（分数：1.00）_41.language planning（分数：1.00）_42.bilingualism（分数：1.00）_43.creole（分数：1.00）_44.sociolect（分数：1.00）_45.diglossia（分数：1.00）_46.standard language（分数：1.00）_四、B(总题数：4，分数：12.0
18、0)47.Explain the term “euphemism“ with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichs?（分数：3.00）_48.Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.（分数：3.00）_49.What are the features of pidgins?（分数：
19、3.00）_50.What is the difference between bilingualism and diglossia?（分数：3.00）_现代语言学自考题-27 答案解析(总分：58.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、lilist-style-type:n(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：28，分数：28.00)1.From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a dialectal variety of a language.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析
20、 从社会语言学的角度来看，一种言语变体无非是一种语言的方言变体而已。2.When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 当一个社区的人们因为不同的目的使用两种不同的地域或国家方言的时候，就会出现双言和双语之类的社会语言现象。改正：When people of a community speak two dif
21、ferent regional or national dialects for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.3.In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in: He
22、dont know nothing. He dont like nobody. He dont got none.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 黑人英语中一个经常遭到抨击的方面就是其中的双重否定结构。当动词需要否定的时候，不定代词 something，somebody 和 some 就变成了否定的不定代词 nothing，nobody 和 none 了。这种双重否定结构非但不是不符合逻辑的，而且为强调该方言中信息中的否定成分提供了一个非常行之有效的方法。4.People belonging to different social groups may speak differ
23、ently although they were born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 两个在同一个城市出生长大且使用同一种地域方言的人可能会因为许多社会的因素而表现出言谈上的不同。如果他们分属不同的社会团体的话，那么这种现象就尤为明显。他们的社会背景会有意无意地影响他们对语言特征的选择，以适应他们各自的社会身份。5.Women in Western countries at least appear to be more status-c
24、onscious and sensitive to the social significance of certain linguistic variables.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 至少是西方国家的女性都比男性更有身份意识，因而她们对语言变量的社会意义更为敏感。6.Bilingualism is a situation in which two different varieties of a language coexist in a speech community.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 双语现象指的是某个特殊国家或地区居民中一个或团
25、体言语使用者同时使用两种标准语言的一种语言现象。他们使用两种标准语言，而不是不同的语言主体。改正：Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.7.From a linguistic point of view, it is justified to
26、regard the standard variety of a language as “correct“, “logical“ and “pure“.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 把一种语言的标准变体看成是“正确的”，“符合逻辑的”和“纯正”的观点纯属偏见；认为一种方言比另一种方言表现力更强的看法纯粹是一种社会态度，它反映的是一种社会政治上的、而不是语言学意义上的判断说明。改正：It is a biased attitude to regard the standard variety of a language as “correct,“ “logical,“ and
27、“pure“; it is a social attitude that reflects a sociopolitical judgment rather than a linguistic judgment, to consider that one dialect is more expressive than another.8.The standard language and the nonstandard language are both socially prestigious.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 标准语是语言中一种强制的、享有一定社交声望的方言。
28、这种语言被广泛应用于政府和司法系统，被作为大众媒介的传播形式，并在包括把语言作为外语或第二语言来学习的学校设施在内的教育机构中得以传授。凡属标准语之外的那些语言变体都被叫做非标准语或本地语。有人坚持认为非标准语是一种不规范的语言，语言学家们则不接受这种说法，因为它暗示了这些语言变体有着内在的劣等性。改正：The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard,
29、 or vernacular, languages. Some people hold the view that nonstandard languages are substandard, a term that is rejected by linguists because it suggests some inherent inferiority of these varieties.9.in medieval times, a trade language came into use in the Mediterranean ports. It consisted of Itali
30、an mixed with French, Spanish, Greek, Arabic, and Turkish, and it was called Lingua Franca, “Frankish language.“ The term lingua franca was generalized to other languages similarly used as a trade or Communication medium. Thus, any language can be a lingua franca.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 通用语是一种在不同语言背
31、景的人群之间用作交际媒介的语言变体。鉴于此种原因，通用语必须是人们为了不同的目的在社会交往过程中所使用的“通用语言”。通用语这一词来自一种混合语，它是意大利语与法语、西班牙语、希腊语、阿拉伯语和土耳其语的混合，主要在中世纪时期的地中海东部港口的商人们之间使用。任何语言都可以成为通用语。10.Sex-preferential differentiation in terms of speech varieties of males and females exists in only some of the natural languages across the world.（分数：1.00）
32、A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 以男性言语变体和女性言语变体形式而存在的性别取向差异在世界上所有的自然语言里都可以看到。尤其是写作或会话中所使用的有意或无意的男性至上主义的语言更是反映出了许多社会中所存在着的性别歧视的文化传统。改正：Sex-preferential differentiation in terms of speech varieties of males and females exists in all natural languages across the world.11.An individual speakers linguistic performance is
33、homogeneous, rather than heterogeneous.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 言语变异并不只是表现为如地域或社会方言这样常见的、系统的类别。一个言语使用者的语言运用是异质的而不是同质的。改正：A speakers linguistic performance is heterogeneous, rather than homogeneous.12.It is obvious that the standard variety of language is the correct form of language.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误
34、 解析：解析 对标准语言变体的选定是由历史的、社会的和政治的原因所促成的，这和该语言变体的语法构成中所谓的各种内在优越性毫无关系。改正：We cannot say that one variety of language is better than any other variety. The designation of the standard language variety has nothing to do with any supposed linguistic superiority.13.The sentences “He crazy“ and “He be sick all
35、 the time“ are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 黑人英语中一个显著的特征是系动词 be 的不同形式经常出现空位的情况，而这些 be 形式在标准英语中却是必须要求存在的。14.In all the countries, the standard language serves as a yardstick against
36、 which all other varieties are measured.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 在许多国家，标准语都是用以衡量所有其他语言变体的尺度。改正：In most countries, the standard language serves as a yardstick against which all other varieties are measured.15.A lingua franca may be used internationally across the world.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 一种通用语也可以
37、在全世界范围内使用。英语就是这样一种国际的通用语，它适用于需要使用一种共同语言的各种各样的社会和政治场合。16.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 在很多语言中对语法范畴的性的选择多是男性至上的，这反映了传统上偏重男性的观念
38、。男性至上主义语言的使用并不是说某种语言是男性至上的，而是说这种语言所内含的社会观念是男性至上的。17.The assumption that Black English is “genetically inferior“, “deficient“ and “incomplete“ is quite reasonable.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 有些人固执地认为不同的种族天生就说不同的语言。他们宣称黑人英语是“天生劣等”，“有缺陷”，“不完整”。这种假说纯属无稽之谈。改正：They claim that Black English is “genetically inf
39、erior,“ “defiently,“ and “incomplete.“ This assumption is simply ungrounded.18.The situational use of language is, to a large extent, socially dependent.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 语言使用的情景在很大程度上是与社会紧紧相连的。19.Difference in ones pronunciation may also have a bearing on the amount of schooling individual sp
40、eakers have received.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 一个人发音方面的不同也反映出该言语使用者所受学校教育的程度。20.In most bilingual communities, two language have the same function in speech situations known as domains.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 双语现象指的是某个特殊国家或地区的居民中一个或团体的言语使用者同时使用两种标准语言的一种语言现象。一些双语社区里的成员在日常生活中通常使用两种语言。最典型的双语社区是那些少数民族居住区，
41、其中的居民几乎要么是移民人口，要么就是移民人口的后代。多数双语社区都有一个共同点，那就是两种语言在被称作“适用域”的言语情景方面存在着相当明晰的功能差别。在双语社区中，一种语言可以在一定的适用域中使用，而另外一种语言必须在其他适用域中方可使用。改正：In most bilingual communities, there is a fairly clear functional differentiation between the two languages in respect of speech situations known as domains.21.The most distin
42、guishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its regional background.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 尽管语言变异可以体现在语音、词汇或句法等方面，但主要还是在语音方面。对于地域方言来讲最重要的语言区别性特征还是口音。改正：Although variation may occur with respect to pronunciation, vocabulary, or syntax, particularly to pronunciation, the most distinguishabl
43、e linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its accent.22.A lingua franca may, but does not need to, be a native language currently spoken by a particular people.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 通用语是在不同语言背景的人群之间用作交际媒介的一种语言变体。鉴于此种原因，通用语必须是人们为了不同的目的在社会交往过程中所使用的“通用语言”，它可能是，但不一定必须是某一人群目前正在使用的本族语。23.In the ethnic variety of Black English, the word-fina
