1、现代语言学自考题-26 及答案解析(总分：42.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：24，分数：24.00)1._ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. A. Social B. Ethnic C. Regional D. Situational（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.The way in which
2、 people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _, and kin term. A. title+first name B. title+title C. title alone D. first name+last name+title（分数：1.00
3、）A.B.C.D.3.Different functional speech varieties known as _ are expected in, say, a church sermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast. A. registers B. styles C. dialects D. accents（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.4.In a speech community people have something in common _a language or a pa
4、rticular variety of language and rules for using it. A. socially B. linguistically C. culturally D. pragmatically（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.5.In normal situations, _ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their _ counterparts with the same social background. A. female; male B. male; female C. old; y
5、oung D. young; old（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.6.When referred to as _, slang does not carry any negative connotations. A. vernacular B. colloquialism C. both A and B D. neither A nor B（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.7.A _ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse lin
6、guistic backgrounds. A. lingua franca B. pidgin C. creole D. national language（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.8.A person who spends a long time going through college or university tends to speak with language features which derive from ones constant use of the _ language. A. written B. spoken C. literal D. colloqu
7、ial（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.9.In a narrower sense, an individual speakers idiolect is made up of such factors as _. A. voice and rhythm B. voice, pitch and rhythm C. pitch and rhythm D. voice quality and pitch（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.10._ moves on a scale of the national language, dialects, and individual ways of c
8、ommunication. A. Language change B. Speech variety C. Speech variation D. Speech change（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.11.It is the _ differences that have often been used to illustrate the “illogic“ of Black English. A. phonological B. morphological C. syntactic D. all of the above（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.12.Notable exam
9、ples of creoles that have become first languages from previously pidginized languages are _. A. English-based creoles spoken in Haiti and Louisiana B. French-based creoles spoken in Jamaica and Sierra Leone C. English-based creoles spoken in Haiti, Louisiana, and French-based creoles spoken in Jamai
10、ca and Sierra Leone D. English-based creoles spoken in Jamaica and Sierra Leone and French-based ones spoken in Haiti and Louisiana（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.13.No two speakers of the same language or _ use their language or _ in exactly the same way. A. variety, dialect B. variation, dialect C. dialect, idio
11、lect D. dialect, dialect（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.14.Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across _ boundaries. A. social B. regional C. cultural D. political（分数：1.00）A.B.
12、C.D.15.The original Lingua Franca is believed to be _. A. Proto Germanic B. an Italian-based pidgin C. a Dutch-based pidgin D. Chinese pidgin English（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.16.There is a gradation of _ ranging along a continuum between two extremes of very formal and very informal. A. dialect B. register C
13、. variation D. slang（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.17.In English-language speech communities, the most obvious taboo words are related to _. A. religion, sex, sex organs B. religion, sex, excrement C. sex, sex organs, excrement D. religion, sex organs, excrement（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.18.When a _ comes to be adopted by
14、a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes _. A. creole, pidgin B. pidgin, creole C. regional dialect, lingua franca D. lingua franca, regional dialect（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.19.The variety of _ diglossia is used for more formal or serious matters. A. for
15、mal B. informal C. high D. low（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.20.Black English is probably the most widespread and most familiar _ variety of the English language. A. regional B. ethnic C. social D. lower class（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.21.The differences between standard and non-standard, are different language varieties i
16、n a _ situation, and are parallel but not identical. A. diglossic B. bilingual C. linguistic D. sociolinguistic（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.22.The goal of _ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations. A. psycholinguist
17、ics B. sociolinguistics C. historical linguistics D. general linguistics（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.23.In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no _ relationship with the L-variety. A.
18、genetic B. social C. direct D. close（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.24.A particular register often distinguishes itself from other registers by all the following except _. A. having a number of distinctive words B. using words or phrases in a particular way C. showing special social identities D. using such specia
19、l grammatical constructions as scientific or legal language, etc.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B(总题数：18，分数：18.00)25.The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis for a rudimentary language of few lexical items and “straightforward“ grammatical rules. Such a
20、 m 1 language is called pidgin.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_26.A s 1 community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_27.Dialectal diversity develops when people are separated from each other g 1 and socially. The changes that occur in the
21、 language spoken in one area or group do not necessarily spread to another.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_28.A e 1 is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_29.German-sp
22、eaking Switzerland is described as a d 1 community, where the distinct varieties are Standard German and Swiss German.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_30.In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of group s 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_31.Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked
23、 differently according to their degree of f 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_32.Speakers of an ethnic dialect usually regard the language they speak as the major s 1 of their socio-cultural identity.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_33.A pidgin is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication. As
24、 a c 1 language, a pidgin may contain significant grammatical features of two or more languages.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_34.R 1 are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_35.In Black English, the double negation structure provides a very effective means of emph
25、asizing the n 1 part of a message.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_36.S 1 are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_37.Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+ishes), Black English can d 1 the form of “be“.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_38.B 1 refers to a lingu
26、istic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_39.A personal dialect is referred to as idiolect. It shows idiosyncratic varieties and combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and s 1 variation, in one
27、 form or another.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_40.The avoidance of using t 1 language mirrors social attitude, emotions and value judgements.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_41.One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of s 1 words and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and
28、 serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_42.The use of s 1 language does not mean that it is the language that is sexist but rather the social attitudes connoted in the language that is sexist.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_现代语言学自考题-26 答案解析(总分：42.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPA
29、RT ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：24，分数：24.00)1._ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. A. Social B. Ethnic C. Regional D. Situational（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 语域是与一定交际情景相适应的语言变体。正鉴于此，语域又被称为语言的情景变体。2.The way in whi
30、ch people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _, and kin term. A. title+first name B. title+title C. title alone D. first name+last name+title（分数：1.
31、00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 所有语言中都存在称谓语及正确使用这些称谓语时要恪守的特殊的规则。人们相互称呼的方式很明显取决于他们的年龄、性别、社会团体和彼此之间的私人关系。说话者用来称呼或指示某个人的时候所使用的名称或术语可以体现出他们之间的社会关系及对于某个人的私人感情。英语中经常使用的称谓语体系包括名、姓、头衔+姓、头衔和家族称谓词等。3.Different functional speech varieties known as _ are expected in, say, a church sermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family din
32、ner, or a sports broadcast. A. registers B. styles C. dialects D. accents（分数：1.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 语域是与一定交际情景相适应的语言变体，又被称为语言的情景变体。与宗教事务，外交事务，家庭晚餐等情景相适应的语言变体就是语域。4.In a speech community people have something in common _a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it. A. socially B
33、. linguistically C. culturally D. pragmatically（分数：1.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 为了研究方便而被单独分离出来的社会团体叫做言语社区。因此，言语社区为拥有同一种语言或同一语言变体并能够形成一个集体的一群人。一个言语社区最重要的特点就是这个团体的成员必须以某种合理的方式和该社区中的其他成员进行言语方面的相互交流。5.In normal situations, _ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their _ counterparts with the same soci
34、al background. A. female; male B. male; female C. old; young D. young; old（分数：1.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 正常情况下，与大体相同背景的男性相比，女性更倾向使用那些比较受人推崇的语言形式。6.When referred to as _, slang does not carry any negative connotations. A. vernacular B. colloquialism C. both A and B D. neither A nor B（分数：1.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析
35、俚语在传统上就带有一种负面的涵义：它经常被看成是语言的一种低级的、粗俗的形式，所以在语言的正式文体中是不可取的。俚语有时也被称作本地话，有些俚语形式则被归入了口语的名下，它们都指语言非正式的会话语体，都没有负面意义。7.A _ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds. A. lingua franca B. pidgin C. creole D. national language（分数：
36、1.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 通用语是一种在不同语言背景的人群之间用作交际媒介的一种语言变体。鉴于此种原因，通用语必须是人们为了不同的目的在社会交往过程中所使用的“通用语言”。8.A person who spends a long time going through college or university tends to speak with language features which derive from ones constant use of the _ language. A. written B. spoken C. literal D. colloquia
37、l（分数：1.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 在中学辍学者当中，那些年龄很小就脱离系统教育的人，有很强的使用口语体的倾向，而这种现象在具有大学学历的毕业生中却非常少见。一个在大专或大学生活中度过很长时间的人，因为长期地使用书面语，所以他在说话的时候也带有相关的书面语语言特征。9.In a narrower sense, an individual speakers idiolect is made up of such factors as _. A. voice and rhythm B. voice, pitch and rhythm C. pitch and rhythm D. vo
38、ice quality and pitch（分数：1.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 个人习语是一个单独的语言使用者的个人方言，它以不同的形式把语言的地域、社会和文体变异特征都结合在了一起。狭义地讲，一个人的个人习语的构成包括了音质、音调和节奏等，这些因素都有助于辨别一个人的个人语言特征。10._ moves on a scale of the national language, dialects, and individual ways of communication. A. Language change B. Speech variety C. Speech variation
39、D. Speech change（分数：1.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 言语的变异总是以国语、方言以及不同的个体交际语言等形式来进行。从社会语言学的角度来看，一种言语变体无非是一种语言的方言变体而已。11.It is the _ differences that have often been used to illustrate the “illogic“ of Black English. A. phonological B. morphological C. syntactic D. all of the above（分数：1.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 由于它特别的句法
40、差异，黑人英语才经常被人们称为是该英语变体“不合逻辑”，然而也同样是这些句法方面的差异使人能得以了解到黑人英语和标准英语一样的复杂和合乎逻辑。12.Notable examples of creoles that have become first languages from previously pidginized languages are _. A. English-based creoles spoken in Haiti and Louisiana B. French-based creoles spoken in Jamaica and Sierra Leone C. Engl
41、ish-based creoles spoken in Haiti, Louisiana, and French-based creoles spoken in Jamaica and Sierra Leone D. English-based creoles spoken in Jamaica and Sierra Leone and French-based ones spoken in Haiti and Louisiana（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 语言学家们现在使用“克里奥耳语”这个词的时候已经不再特指某一种特定的语言，而是作为一种类属标记来指最初是一种皮钦语而后
42、来发展成为第一语言的某种混合语言。最著名的例子是在牙买加和塞拉利昂地区使用的以英语为基础的克里奥耳语和流行于海地和路易斯安那地区的以法语为基础的克里奥耳语。13.No two speakers of the same language or _ use their language or _ in exactly the same way. A. variety, dialect B. variation, dialect C. dialect, idiolect D. dialect, dialect（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 没有两个持同一种语言或方言的言语使用者完全相
43、同地使用他们的语言或方言。当一个个体使用者讲话的时候，他所使用的其实是说话者自己独特的语言体系，只不过这种体系是在某种特定语言的总体体系之中变化而已。14.Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across _ boundaries. A. social B. regional C.
44、cultural D. political（分数：1.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 语言规划意味着某些权威组织，譬如某个国家的政府或政府机构首先选定某一特定的言语变体然后跨区域推广使用这种语言变体，包括它的发音和拼写体系等。15.The original Lingua Franca is believed to be _. A. Proto Germanic B. an Italian-based pidgin C. a Dutch-based pidgin D. Chinese pidgin English（分数：1.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 通用语这一词来自一种混合语，它是
45、意大利语与法语、西班牙语、希腊语、阿拉伯语和土耳其语的混合，主要在中世纪时期的地中海东部港口的商人们之间使用。这种语言被称为 Lingua France(通用语)，这是一个意大利语，字面意思是“法兰克语言”或“法兰克语”。皮钦语是被其他语言的本族语使用者们用作交际媒介的一种常见的语言变体。最初的通用语据信就是一种在地中海港口使用的以意大利语为基础的皮钦语。16.There is a gradation of _ ranging along a continuum between two extremes of very formal and very informal. A. dialect
46、B. register C. variation D. slang（分数：1.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 语域是与一定交际情景相适应的语言变体因此它又被称为语言的情景变体。在正式和非正式这两个极端之间存在着一个由语域的不同级差关系所组成的连续体。我们依据不同交际情景的正式程度选择不同程度的言语使用形式。17.In English-language speech communities, the most obvious taboo words are related to _. A. religion, sex, sex organs B. religion, sex, excrement C. sex, sex organs, excrement D. religion, sex organs, excrement（分数：1.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 说英语的言语社区和许多其他的社会集团一样，最明显的禁忌词汇莫过于与性、性器官和排泄相关的词语了。18.When a _ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it
