1、现代语言学自考题-23 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、lilist-style-type:n(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：21，分数：21.00)1.Just as life continues in a process of change, all living languages change with time.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误2.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and
2、 not arbitrary.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误3.The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误4.The word order of Old English is
3、more varied than that of Modern English.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误5.Modern English began with the Norman Conquest.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误6.The Great Vowel Shift in the history of English occurred approximately between 1400 and 1600.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误7.For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounce
4、d , but the word asking is pronounced （分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误8.In Old English the main negation element was “ne“. Like Modern English “not“, the “ne“ usually occurred after the auxiliary verb.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误9.In Modern English, both auxiliary verbs and main verbs can be fronted in interrogative sentence
5、s.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误10.Derivation covers various processes of word formation by the addition of affixes, such as the creation of adjectives from nouns (professional profession), nouns from verbs (computer compute), adjectives from verbs (conceivable conceive), and verbs from nouns (eulogize eulogy).（
6、分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误11.The word UN is an abbreviation, while TV is an acronym.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误12.An acronym is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误13.New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old wo
7、rd; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus “peddle“ was derived from “peddler“ on the mistaken assumption that the “-er“ was the agentive suffix.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误14.The invention of steam-powered boats gave the verb sail an opportunity to extend its meaning to boats without sails. This e
8、xample indicates that the meaning or semantic representation of words may become broader.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误15.The word knight once meant “youth“, but was elevated in meaning in time for the age of chivalry. This is an example of semantic broadening.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误16.The protolanguage is the origina
9、l form of a language family that has ceased to exist.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误17.English and Chinese have developed from a common root.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误18.The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误19.Few lin
10、guists share the view that physiological, linguistic or sociological factors all contribute to language change.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误20.Another kind of change that can be thought of as “economy of memory“ results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example, children an
11、d adults are presently saying I dreamed last night (instead of dreamt). This kind of change has been called rule simplification.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误21.In first language acquisition childrens grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误三、B(总题数：17，分数：51.00)22.historical li
12、nguistics（分数：3.00）_23.diachronic linguistics（分数：3.00）_24.Old English（分数：3.00）_25.epenthesis（分数：3.00）_26.apocope（分数：3.00）_27.acronym（分数：3.00）_28.blending（分数：3.00）_pounding（分数：3.00）_30.coinage（分数：3.00）_31.semantic narrowing（分数：3.00）_32.semantic broadening（分数：3.00）_parative and historical linguistics（分
13、数：3.00）_34.abbreviation（分数：3.00）_35.protolanguage（分数：3.00）_36.Grimms Law（分数：3.00）_37.internal borrowing（分数：3.00）_38.elaboration（分数：3.00）_四、B(总题数：6，分数：28.00)39.What are the major periods in the history of English and how is it classified thus?（分数：4.00）_40.Explain the Great Vowel Shift in the history
14、of English, and give at least two examples of both Middle English and Modern English in phonetic transcription.（分数：5.00）_41.In some dialects of English, the word “ask“ is pronounced （分数：5.00）_42.New words can be formed in many ways. Please illustrate borrowing, compounding, blending and back-formati
15、on, each with two examples.（分数：5.00）_43.How does a language undergo semantic change?（分数：4.00）_44.What are the primary causes of language change?（分数：5.00）_现代语言学自考题-23 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、lilist-style-type:n(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：21，分数：21.00)1.Just as life continues in a process of change, all
16、 living languages change with time.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 正如生命要在变化中延续一样，所有活的语言也在随着时光的流转变化着。除了那些在社会中不为大多数人所使用的语言之外，如拉丁语，语言的变化都是不可避免的。2.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 大家都能接受英语被划分为古英语、中世纪英语和现代英语
17、3个历史阶段的划分方法。这种划分是随意的、约定俗成的。历史语言学家们之所以把语言划分为不同的历史时期，是因为他们想有一个更方便的、更切合实际的研究语言变化的方法。这绝不意味着古英语是在某一特定的时间阶段转化成中世纪英语的。改正：The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.3.The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so
18、 the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 古英语可以追溯到公元 5世纪中叶，当时说英语的盎格鲁-撒克逊人从北欧入侵了不列颠群岛。英语中绝大多数基本词汇均来自古英语。改正：Old English dates back to the mid-fifth century when Anglo-Saxons,
19、 the speakers of Englisc, invaded the British Isles from northern Europe. Many of the most basic terms in the English language originate from Old English4.The word order of Old English is more varied than that of Modern English.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 从形态学的角度来看，接近半数的名词都有屈折形式以分别表示主格、属格、与格及受格等。从句法上来说，
20、古英语句子中的动词位于主语之前，而不像现在那样位于主语的后面。5.Modern English began with the Norman Conquest.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 中世纪英语开始于说法语的诺曼底人在威廉大帝的率领下于公元 1066年对英格兰的入侵。而真正成为现代英语和中世纪英语分界点的不是欧洲的军事侵略，而是欧洲的文艺复兴运动。改正：What separated the period of Middle English from that of Modern English was not European military invasion, but
21、 European Renaissance Movement.6.The Great Vowel Shift in the history of English occurred approximately between 1400 and 1600.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 英语的变化中最引人注目的是发生在元音方面的那些系统的、规则的变化。最重要的、影响英语元音最广泛的一系列变化发生在中古英语时期的末期，即大约在公元 1400年到 1600年之间。这些变化导致了英语中的语素与其语音表象之间的一些主要的差别即现代英语中发音和拼写系统的不一致。这在英语历史中以主要元音转移著
22、称。7.For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced , but the word asking is pronounced （分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 语音的位移作为语音变化的结果，一般称为语音变位，它指的是两个相邻的语音在位置上的互换。古英语中涉及语音成分位置交换的例子有 bridd(鸟)和 hros(马)等。当这些词发生了语音变位之后，/r/音向元音右侧的位移就导致了它们在现代英语中的对应词 bird和 horse，题干中所说的动词 ask以前的形式是 aksian也属这种情况。8.
23、In Old English the main negation element was “ne“. Like Modern English “not“, the “ne“ usually occurred after the auxiliary verb.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 古英语中主要的否定词是 ne，它直接位于动词前。改正：Ne usually occurred before the verb.9.In Modern English, both auxiliary verbs and main verbs can be fronted in interroga
24、tive sentences.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 在现代英语中，助动词的句法作用和主要动词的不同在于，只有助动词才可以在疑问句中前置。但在 16世纪以前，就不曾存在过这种助动词和主要动词之间的句法差别。改正：The syntactic behavior of auxiliary verbs differs from that of main verbs in that only auxiliary verbs can be fronted in interrogative sentences.10.Derivation covers various processe
25、s of word formation by the addition of affixes, such as the creation of adjectives from nouns (professional profession), nouns from verbs (computer compute), adjectives from verbs (conceivable conceive), and verbs from nouns (eulogize eulogy).（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 英语词汇的发展史其实就是一个大量利用外借及构词法的历史。派生法指的
26、是通过把词缀添加到词根、词干或单词上面以构成新词的过程。11.The word UN is an abbreviation, while TV is an acronym.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 首字母缩略词是通过把许多词的首字母合并的方式而构成的、作为标准单词发音的词。缩写法是用一个单词或短语的缩写形式来代表其完整的形式，它的读音是一个字母一个字母地念，互不拼读。UN和 TV均为缩写法。改正：The words TV and UN are abbreviations.12.An acronym is a shortened form of a word or phra
27、se which represents the complete form.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 一个首字母缩略词是用把许多词的首字母合并的方式而构成的新词。例如，UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)，而缩写法是用一个单词或短语的缩写形式来代表其完整的形式。例如，Dr(doctor)。改正：An acronym is a word created by combining the initials of a number of words. Clipping
28、is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.13.New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus “peddle“ was derived from “peddler“ on the mistaken assumption that the “-er“ w
29、as the agentive suffix.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 逆向构词法是把一个已经存在的单词的所谓“词缀”去掉以构成新词的过程。例如，typewrite(typewriter)，edit(editor)，peddle(peddler)。14.The invention of steam-powered boats gave the verb sail an opportunity to extend its meaning to boats without sails. This example indicates that the meaning or se
30、mantic representation of words may become broader.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 语义广义化指的是一个单词的意义变得比它以前外延概括性更强、更具包含性的过程。单词 sail本意指“帆”，随着蒸汽船的发明，动词 sail的含义扩大到了没有帆的船，这就是一个语义扩大的例子。15.The word knight once meant “youth“, but was elevated in meaning in time for the age of chivalry. This is an example of semantic b
31、roadening.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 单词 knight曾经指 youth(青春)，现在指“骑士”，它是词义转换的一个例子。改正：The statement is not true. Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related meaning. This is not an example of semantic broadening, but an exam
32、ple of semantic shift.16.The protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 许多表面看起来不同的语言实质上可能是一个大语系中有系属关系的姊妹或兄弟语言，而且很可能是从同一个可能已经“死亡了的”母语发展演变而来的。历史语言学家的一个重要任务就是通过甄别，在表达语言宗谱关系的谱系树中对相关的语言进行分类，然后尝试拟构它们的原始语即一个可能已经消失了的语系的原始形式。17.English and Chinese
33、 have developed from a common root.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 考虑到每种语言的使用者和个体的语言之间的关系，有 4种语系被认为是最重要的，即印欧语系、汉藏语系、南岛语系和闪含语系。印欧语系有大约 150个语支，包括大多数的欧洲语言和印度次大陆语言。汉藏语系包括大约 300种东亚语言。世界上使用和分布范围最广的英语属于印欧语系，而世界上最普及的汉语是汉藏语系的一个重要的语支。改正：English and Chinese have not developed from a common root.18.The territory in whi
34、ch the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 通过对多种语言之间语音对应关系的进一步研究，欧洲语音学家们最终确信欧洲语言和波斯语言的大部分、印度语言的北方局部都同属印欧语系。即今天印欧语系的语言也包括那些不属于印度和欧洲国家的语言。19.Few linguists share the view that physiological, linguistic or sociologica
35、l factors all contribute to language change.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 尽管没有一个人能够对各种语言变化的原因作出一个始终如一的精确的描述，但大多数的语言学家们都认为，生理、语言和心理因素都和语言变化有一定的关系。例如，语音方面的变化就可能是人们生理上的、同化过程的结果。改正：Most linguists share the view that physiological, linguistic or sociological factors all contribute to language change.20.Another
36、 kind of change that can be thought of as “economy of memory“ results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example, children and adults are presently saying I dreamed last night (instead of dreamt). This kind of change has been called rule simplification.（分数：1.00）A
37、.正确B.错误 解析：解析 一种因为减少记忆负担的需要而引起的较大的语言变化叫做内部借用。为了减少特别的、不规则的音位的数量，某一特定语言的使用者可能会从该语言语法的一部分中抽取一条规则并把它加以普遍应用。改正：One kind of language change results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal borrowingthat is, we “borrow“ from one part o
38、f the grammar and apply the rule generally.21.In first language acquisition childrens grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 儿童们的语法并不是丝毫不差地向成年交际团体模仿，因为他们所接触到的是形形色色的语言信息。更重要的是，孩子们有强烈的简化和统一语法规则的欲望，尤其是当他们看到成年人在选择性地使用某些规则的时候。改正：In first language acquisition ch
39、ildrens grammar never models exactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules from the linguistic information they hear.三、B(总题数：17，分数：51.00)22.historical linguistics（分数：3.00）_正确答案：(Historical linguistics is the
40、 subfield of linguistics that studies language change. Historical linguists are concerned with the historical development of languages and the processes involved in language change.)解析：解析 历史语言学在语言学中是一个专门研究语言变化的分支，它主要涉及的是语言的历史变迁及与语言变化相关的历史发展过程。23.diachronic linguistics（分数：3.00）_正确答案：(Diachronic lingu
41、istics refers to the approach which studies language change over various periods to time and at various historical stages.)解析：解析 我们在第一章中把语言的历史研究看成是对语言的历时性研究。当我们涉及到研究语言在不同的时间阶段和不同的历史时期中发展变化的方法的时候，我们用历时语言学这个说法来取代历史语言学。我们使用历时这个术语是和共时这个术语相对而言的。后者指的是在一个给定的时间点里，对不同的地域和不同人类群体中所使用的语言变体的研究。24.Old English（分数：3.00）_正确答案：(Old English dates back to the mid-fifth century when Anglo-Saxons, the speakers of Englisce, invaded the British Isles from northern Europe. Many of the most basic terms in the English language originate from Old English.)解析：解析 古英语可以追溯到公元 5世纪中叶
