1、现代语言学自考题-22 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：26，分数：52.00)1.The term _ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. comparative
2、 D. historical comparative（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.2.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as _. A. unusual B. something to be feared C. abnormal D. natural（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.3.Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable extent, _. A. regular but not systematic B. irr
3、egular and systematic C. regular and systematic D. irregular but systematic（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.4.Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g. Old English noun had four cases, nominative, genetive, dative and _. A. possessive B. vocative C. accusative D. locative（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.5.Modern English word
4、s man, woman, child, eat, fight, etc, originate from _. A. Middle English B. Old English C. French D. Norman French（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.6._ English had been deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. A. Modern B. Middle C. Old D. both A and B（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.7.During the Renaissance,
5、many words in _ became part of the educated English lexicon. A. French B. Latin and Greek C. German D. Italian（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.8.Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, _, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed added, lost or a
6、ltered. A. phrases B. sentences C. morphemes D. utterances（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.9._ involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. A. Apocope B. Epenthesis C. Metathesis D. Assimilation（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.10.Morphological changes involve _. A. the loss B. addition C. alteration of morpholo
7、gical rules D. all of the above（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.11.Syntactic change in English involves _. A. rule loss B. gain C. modification D. all of the above（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.12.In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old English, word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OS
8、V. However, Modern English has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of _. A. SOV B. SVO C. VSO D. OSV（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.13.The word “lab“ is formed through _. A. back formation B. blending C. clipping D. derivation（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.14.Abbreviations of longer wor
9、ds or phrases may become lexicalized, for example, gym for gymnasium. This process is sometimes called _. A. blending B. abbreviating C. clipping D. compounding（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.15.New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a proces
10、s is called _, e.g. caretake from caretaker. A. back-formation B. clipping C. blending D. abbreviating（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.16.The words such as “hi-tech“, “zoo“ are _. A. acronyms B. clipped words C. formed by blending D. coined by back formation（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.17.Words can change their meanings by bec
11、oming more _. A. specialized B. generalized C. simply acquiring a new meaning D. all of the above（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.18.Semantic _ is a process in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning. A. broadening B. shift C. narrowing D. change（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.19.The l
12、anguages of the world belong to families and bear offspring. When we examine the languages of the world, we perceive similarities and differences among them that provide further evidence for the “_“ relatedness we know exists. A. geographical B. genetic C. typological D. functional（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.2
13、0.English “Mother“ is believed to be _ of German “Mutter.“ A. cognate B. synonym C. protolanguage D. both A and B（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.21._ belongs to the Indo-European language family. A. English B. German C. French D. All of them（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.22.The discovery of Indo-European began with the work of
14、_, who delivered an important paper in 1786, in which he suggested that Sanskrit bore a stronger affinity to Greek and Latin. A. the British scholar Sir William Jones B. the German linguist Franz Bopp C. the Danish scholar Rasmus Rask D. the German scholar Jacob Grimm（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.23.Languages in
15、 the world can be classified into families, such as the Indo-European family, the Sino-Tibetan family, the Afroasiatic family, the Austronesian family, the Aus-tro-Tai Family, and the Altaic family. Among them, _ is the first and most widely investigated language family of the world. A. Sino-Tibetan
16、 B. Afroasiatic C. Austronesian D. Indo-European（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.24.Grimm pointed out that certain phonological changes must have occurred early in the history of the Germanic languages, which did not take place in _, Greek, or Latin. A. English B. Sanskrit C. German D. Danish（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.25._ s
17、implification and elaboration may arise to maintain intelligibility and un-ambiguity. A. Syntax B. Syntactic C. Rule D. Real（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.26._ refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another. A. Sound assimilation B. Internal borrowing C. Elaboration D. Rule simplification（分数：2.00）A.B.
18、C.D.三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B(总题数：21，分数：48.00)27.Historical linguists are concerned with the historical development of languages and the processes involved in language c 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_28.In historical linguistics, language change refers to the study of the d 1 processes of change in langua
19、ge elements and language systems.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_29.Language change is essentially a matter of change in the g 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_30.Linguistic change occurs in all c 1 of the grammar.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_31.In the historical development of language, sound change is inevitable, such as sound loss, sound a
20、 1 and sound movement.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_32.The deletion of a word final vowel segment is called a 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_33.A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as e 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_34.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in th
21、e string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/ preceding the /s/. Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_35.In old English the addition of the suffix-yan to an adjective would change the word into a c 1 verb, just as
22、 the Modern English suffix -en added to adjectives to form such verbs as blacken, whiten, redden and awaken.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_36.The m 1 rule of adjective agreement has been lost from English.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_37.In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two n
23、egatives, “he“ (“not“) and “ （分数：2.00）填空项 1:_38.The most vigorous and on-going change in the historical development of a language is the change in its v 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_39.D 1 refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words.（分数：2.00）填空项
24、1:_40.B 1 is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_41.C 1 refers to the invention of a new word, often from the brand-name or trade-mark of a product.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_42.The method of r 1 of a parent language from a comparison of its daughter languages is c
25、alled the comparative method.（分数：3.00）填空项 1:_43.Chinese belongs to S 1 language family, while English belongs to Indo-European language family.（分数：3.00）填空项 1:_44.Rule simplification and regularization are a type of a spontaneous m 1 rule change that involves exceptional plural forms of nouns.（分数：3.0
26、0）填空项 1:_45.I 1 borrowing represents a continual readjustment of a languages grammatical system as it develops from one state of equilibrium to another.（分数：3.00）填空项 1:_46.In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural
27、 t 1 across generations.（分数：3.00）填空项 1:_47.In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a 1 the grammatical rules of the adult language.（分数：3.00）填空项 1:_现代语言学自考题-22 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ON
28、E/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：26，分数：52.00)1.The term _ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. comparative D. historical comparative（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析
29、 我们在第一章中把对语言的历史研究看成是对语言的历时性研究。当我们涉及到研究语言在不同的时间阶段和不同的历史时期中发展变化的时候，我们用历时语言学这个说法来取代历史语言学。2.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as _. A. unusual B. something to be feared C. abnormal D. natural（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 语言学家认为语言和语言使用中发生改变是很自然的事。3.Language change is universal, contin
30、uous and, to a considerable extent, _. A. regular but not systematic B. irregular and systematic C. regular and systematic D. irregular but systematic（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语言的变化是普遍的、持续的，而且在很大程度上来讲，是系统的且有规则可循的。4.Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g. Old English noun had four cases, nomina
31、tive, genetive, dative and _. A. possessive B. vocative C. accusative D. locative（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 古英语从形态学的角度来看，接近半数的名词都有屈折形式以分别表示主格、属格、与格及受格等。5.Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, etc, originate from _. A. Middle English B. Old English C. French D. Norman French（分数：2.00）A.B. C
32、.D.解析：解析 古英语可以追溯到公元 5 世纪中叶，当时说英语的盎格鲁撒克逊人从北欧入侵了不列颠群岛。英语中绝大多数基本单词均来自古英语，比如 man，woman，child，house 等。6._ English had been deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. A. Modern B. Middle C. Old D. both A and B（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 中古英语在词汇和语法方面都受到了诺曼底法语的深刻影响。7.During the Renaissance, m
33、any words in _ became part of the educated English lexicon. A. French B. Latin and Greek C. German D. Italian（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 真正成为现代英语和中古英语分界点的并不是欧洲的军事侵略，而是欧洲的文艺复兴运动。这种对古希腊和罗马艺术、文学和知识的人文主义复兴于 15 世纪末影响到了英格兰。就文化和教育而言，文艺复兴运动的直接结果就是拉丁语作为一种文学语言的崛起。8.Changes in a language are changes in the grammar
34、 of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, _, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed added, lost or altered. A. phrases B. sentences C. morphemes D. utterances（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语言的变化归根结底是语法方面的变化。我们把语言在语法方面的变化称为语言系统方面的变化。语言系统的变化遍及语法范畴所有的组成部分，包括语音、形态、句法、词汇和语义系统等方面的变化。9._ in
35、volves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. A. Apocope B. Epenthesis C. Metathesis D. Assimilation（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语音的位移作为语音变化的结果，一般称为语音变位，它指的是两个相邻的语音在位置上的互换。古英语中涉及语音成分位置交换的例子有 bridd(鸟)和 hros(马)等。当这些词发生了语音变位之后，/r/音向元音右侧的位移就导致了它们在现代英语中的对应词 bird 和 horse 的出现。10.Morphological c
36、hanges involve _. A. the loss B. addition C. alteration of morphological rules D. all of the above（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 英语中的形态变化体现在形态规则的丧失、增加或改变上。11.Syntactic change in English involves _. A. rule loss B. gain C. modification D. all of the above（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 句法的变化和语音与形态方面的变化一样，英语中句法方面的变化
37、同样涉及规则的丧失、添加和修改。12.In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old English, word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OSV. However, Modern English has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of _. A. SOV B. SVO C. VSO D. OSV（分数：2.
38、00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 古英语有一套极其详细的、通过明显的形态变化来实现的格标记系统，其结果使得古英语的语序比现代英语变化无穷。正因为现代英语的格标记系统相对薄弱，所以现代英语的句子不得不恪守一个最基本的语序 SVO(主语-动词-宾语)。但是在古英语里，语序有 SVO，VSO，SOV 和 OSV 等。13.The word “lab“ is formed through _. A. back formation B. blending C. clipping D. derivation（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 略写法是把一些较长的单词或短语加以简略的构词方法。
39、单词 lab 是将 laboratory 截短而构成的。14.Abbreviations of longer words or phrases may become lexicalized, for example, gym for gymnasium. This process is sometimes called _. A. blending B. abbreviating C. clipping D. compounding（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 略写法是把一些较长的单词或短语加以简略的构词方法。例如，gym 由 gymnasium 略写而成。缩写法是用一个单词
40、或短语的缩写形式来代表其完整的形式。例如，TV 由 television 缩写而成。15.New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called _, e.g. caretake from caretaker. A. back-formation B. clipping C. blending D. abbreviating（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 逆向构词法是把一个
41、已经存在的单词的“词缀”去掉以构成新词的过程。例如，caretake来自 caretaker。16.The words such as “hi-tech“, “zoo“ are _. A. acronyms B. clipped words C. formed by blending D. coined by back formation（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 略写法是把一些较长的单词或短语的一个或几个音节截除，这样加以简略的构词方法。例如，zoo(zoological garden)和 hifi(high fidelity)等。17.Words can change
42、their meanings by becoming more _. A. specialized B. generalized C. simply acquiring a new meaning D. all of the above（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 一个词的意思也可能通过语义广义化或语义狭义化这样的过程背离它原来的外延意义。另一种语义变化指一个单词的意义在实体方面的改变，这种变化方式叫做语义演变。语义广义化指的是一个单词的意义变得比它以前外延概括性更强、更具包含性的过程。语义的狭义化则是一个相反的过程，在此过程中一个单词的意思与它过去早期的意思相比，概括性和包
43、含性变得越来越小。语义演变指一个单词丧失了它以前的意思而获得了一个新的、有时是与其原始意义有关的意思的语义变化过程。18.Semantic _ is a process in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning. A. broadening B. shift C. narrowing D. change（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 语义演变指一个单词丧失了它以前的意思而获得了一个新的、有时是与其原始意义有关的意思的语义变化过程。19.The l
44、anguages of the world belong to families and bear offspring. When we examine the languages of the world, we perceive similarities and differences among them that provide further evidence for the “_“ relatedness we know exists. A. geographical B. genetic C. typological D. functional（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.
45、解析：解析 世界上的语言属于不同语系。当考察语言时，我们注意到它们之间的异同，这些异同会给它们之间亲缘关系提供更多的证据。20.English “Mother“ is believed to be _ of German “Mutter.“ A. cognate B. synonym C. protolanguage D. both A and B（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 具有家族关系的、可信的语言符号必须包括不同语言的不同词项之间在音系、形态和语义方面系统的相似性，例如英语中的 mother，father 和 friend 据信是德语 Mutter，Vater 和 Fr
46、eund 的同源词，因此历史语言学家们就假设在现代英语和现代德语中的这些同源词集合来自于同一个祖先。21._ belongs to the Indo-European language family. A. English B. German C. French D. All of them（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 印欧语系有大约 150 个语支，包括大多数的欧洲语言和印度次大陆语言。英语和德语属日耳曼语系，法语属拉丁语系，它们都属印欧语系。22.The discovery of Indo-European began with the work of _, who delivered an important paper in 1786, in which he suggested that Sanskrit bore a stronger affinity to Greek and Latin. A.
