1、现代语言学自考题-14 及答案解析(总分：90.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、lilist-style-type:n(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：23，分数：57.50)1.Consonant sounds can be either voiced or voiceless, while all vowel sounds are v 1.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_2.Of all the speech organs, the t 1 is the most flexible, and is responsible for more varieties of articu
2、lation than any other.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_3.To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols called d 1 are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similar sounds.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_4.N 1 transcription transcribes sounds with diacriti
3、cs, while broad transcription does not.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_5.The/n/sound in the combination （分数：2.50）填空项 1:_6.The/l/in/hel/, followed by the English dental sound/is called a d 1/1/.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_7.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets w
4、ith any o 1 when a sound is produced.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_8.A v 1 is defined as a voiced sound in forming which the air issues in the continuous stream through the pharynx and mouth, there being no audible friction.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_9.When the obstruction, complete at first, is released slowly with the fri
5、ction resulting from partial obstruction, the sounds thus produced are a 1.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_10.When the airflow is obstructed but is allowed to escape through the passage between part or parts of the tongue and the roof of the mouth, the sounds thus produced are called l 1.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_11.When the
6、 nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate at the back of the mouth and air is allowed to pass through it, the sounds thus produced are called n 1.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_12.In the production of b 1 sounds, the upper and the lower lips are brought together to create obstruction.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_13.
7、If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a 1 sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_14./f/ and /v/ produced with the lower lip brought into contact with the upper teeth, thus creating o
8、bstruction are called l 1.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_15.The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are l 1 vowels.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_16.Phonetics provides the means to describe the sounds, showing how they differ; phonology tells us that they function as p 1, acting to contrast words.（分数：2.50）填空项 1
9、:_17.While phonetics is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages, phonology is interested in the system of sounds of a p 1 language.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_18.C 1 distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always occur in different phonetic environments.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:
10、_19.The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s 1 rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.（分数：2.
11、50）填空项 1:_20.Sequential rules, a 1 rules, deletion rules are rules in phonology.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_21.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i 1.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_22.Tones are p 1 variations, which are caused by the d
12、iffering rates of vibration of the vocal cords.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_23.Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called t 1 languages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_三、B(总题数：17，分数：32.50)24.Phonetics is concerned w
13、ith all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.（分数：2.50）A.正确B.错误25.The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.（分数：2.50）A.正确B.错误26.The classification of English consonants involves both manner of articulation and place of articulation.（分数：2.50）A.正确B.错误27.
14、In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again, such as English stops p and t in pit. In producing p and t the flow of air is blocked through the mouth only.（分数：2.50）A.正确B.错误28.In
15、classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.（分数：2.50）A.正确B.错误29.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pai
16、r, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf.（分数：2.50）A.正确B.错误30.In the production of vowels, the air stream meets the same kind of obstruction as in the production of consonants.（分数：2.50）A.正确B.错误31.In English, tong vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as A.正确B.错误32
17、.The conclusions we reach about the phonology of a particular language can be generalized into the study of another language.（分数：2.50）A.正确B.错误33.Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.（分数：2.50）A.正确B.错误34.A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is foc
18、used on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.（分数：2.50）A.正确B.错误35.If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in the word feel not as a dark A.正确B.错误36.We use dark at the end of a word after a vowel or before a consonant, such
19、as feel and little , and clear l before a vowel, such as loaf . From the phonological point of view, dark A.正确B.错误37.Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they can be applied to all languages.（分数：2.50）A.正确B.错误38.In such sound combinations as , /geip/ and A.正确B.错
20、误39.A phone is a phonetic unit. In other words, phones are the speech sounds we hear or produce in linguistic communication.（分数：2.50）A.正确B.错误40.It is just because of its distinctive features that a phoneme is capable of distinguishing meaning.（分数：2.50）A.正确B.错误现代语言学自考题-14 答案解析(总分：90.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、l
21、ilist-style-type:n(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：23，分数：57.50)1.Consonant sounds can be either voiced or voiceless, while all vowel sounds are v 1.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：voiced）解析：解析 辅音要不就是清音要不就是浊音，而所有的元音都是浊音。2.Of all the speech organs, the t 1 is the most flexible, and is responsible for more varieties of a
22、rticulation than any other.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：tongue）解析：解析 在所有口腔的器官中，舌头是最灵活的，它比其他任何发声器官在发音变化中所起的作用都要大。3.To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols called d 1 are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similar sounds.
23、（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：diacritics）解析：解析 鉴于人类所发出的语音经常会在特别细微的方面有所不同，国际音标向其使用者提供了一套叫做“变音符号”的附加符号，它们附加在字母上面作为字母标音方法的补充，以标示仅靠字母本身所不能解决的那些微妙的语音差别。因此，我们现在有了两套标示语音的方法。一套是仅用字母符号来标音的方法，另一套则是字母符号和附加符号一起来标音的方法。前者叫做“宽式标音法”，后者，叫做“严式标音法”。4.N 1 transcription transcribes sounds with diacritics, while broad transcrip
24、tion does not.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Narrow）解析：解析 鉴于人类所发出的语音经常会在特别细微的方面有所不同，国际音标向其使用者提供了一套叫做“变音符号”的附加符号，它们附加在字母上面作为字母标音方法的补充，以标示那些仅靠字母本身所不能解决的微妙的语音差别。带有附加符号的那种音标，叫做“严式标意法”。这是语音学家们在对语音的研究中所需要和使用的标音方法。5.The/n/sound in the combination （分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：syllabic）解析：解析 鼻音n在语音组合ten和*中是截然不同的。在语音组合*中，鼻
25、音n和它前面的另外一个辅音一起构成一个音节。这种特殊的鼻音叫做“鼻音节”，一般用放在音标下面的*符号来代表，即n。答案为6.The/l/in/hel/, followed by the English dental sound/is called a d 1/1/.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：dental）解析：解析 在hel这个声音组合中，l音后面紧跟着一个齿音，在发音时它或多或少地会受到后面齿音的影响。因此这样的l被称作齿音*，在严式标音法中用附加符号n来表示，那么它的音标应标示为*。7.An essential difference between consonants
26、 and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any o 1 when a sound is produced.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：obstruction）解析：解析 元音和辅音的基本区别在于在发前者的时候，从肺部呼出的气流在咽喉、鼻子或口腔里均不会受到任何形式的阻碍，而在发后者的时候则要受到不同形式的阻碍。8.A v 1 is defined as a voiced sound in forming which the air issues in the continuous s
27、tream through the pharynx and mouth, there being no audible friction.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：vowel）解析：解析 琼斯说，元音应该定义为，发音时气流连续不断地通过咽喉和口腔，同时不会产生任何可以听得见的摩擦声的浊音。9.When the obstruction, complete at first, is released slowly with the friction resulting from partial obstruction, the sounds thus produced are
28、a 1.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：affricates）解析：解析 发音时，一开始气流受到全部的阻碍，然后再在发擦音的同时(和发擦音时的情况一样)慢慢打开阻碍，通过这种方式所得到的音叫做塞擦音。英语里共有*两个塞擦音。10.When the airflow is obstructed but is allowed to escape through the passage between part or parts of the tongue and the roof of the mouth, the sounds thus produced are called l 1
29、.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：liquids）解析：解析 当气流受到阻碍，但是又允许在从舌尖或舌侧与上颚之间所形成的通道溢出时所发出的声音被称为流音。英语中的流音有l和r。11.When the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate at the back of the mouth and air is allowed to pass through it, the sounds thus produced are called n 1.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：nasals）解析：解析 如
30、果把口腔中后部的软腭降低，鼻腔的通道就会被打开，从而让气流从中通过，经由这种方式产生的音叫做鼻音。英语中有 3 个鼻音：mn和*。12.In the production of b 1 sounds, the upper and the lower lips are brought together to create obstruction.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：bilabial）解析：解析 在发双唇音的时候，上唇和下唇合在一起形成阻碍。英语里的双唇音有pbmw。13.If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will n
31、otice that the first sounds in all these words are a 1 sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：alveolar）解析：解析 利用舌尖贴近上齿龈形成阻碍发出的音称为齿龈音。英语中的tdsznlr均为齿龈音，其中 t 与 s 是轻音，d，n 与 z 是浊音，n 是鼻音。14./f/ and /v/ produced with the lower lip brought into co
32、ntact with the upper teeth, thus creating obstruction are called l 1.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：labiodental）解析：解析 发唇齿音的时候，下唇贴近上齿，从而形成阻碍。英语中的唇齿音有f和v。15.The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are l 1 vowels.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：lax）解析：解析 所有的长元音都是紧元音，所有的短元音均是松元音。当我们发一个长元音的时候，喉部处于一种相对紧张
33、的状态，而当我们发短元音的时候，就没有这类紧张状态的出现，此时的喉部是放松的。16.Phonetics provides the means to describe the sounds, showing how they differ; phonology tells us that they function as p 1, acting to contrast words.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：phoneme）解析：解析 语言学讲的是描述声音的方法，显示的是它们之间的不同；而音系学讲的是音位，它起着区别意义的作用。17.While phonetics is int
34、erested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages, phonology is interested in the system of sounds of a p 1 language.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：particular）解析：解析 语音学的研究具有一般的性质，它所感兴趣的是人类语言中所涉及的所有的语音现象。音系学感兴趣的是某一特定的语言中的语音系统。18.C 1 distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always
35、 occur in different phonetic environments.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Complementary）解析：解析 来自相同音位的音位变体具有互补分布的特点。19.The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other,
36、in other words, there are s 1 rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：sequential）解析：解析 音系学家必须能够发现音位组合在一起的方法。一种特殊语言里的声音组合方式是由规则来制约的，与之相关的音位系统决定着该使用什么样的音位作为一个单词的开头、结尾、或者相互之间的顺序。换句话说，在某种特定的语言里确实存在着一些规则制约着声音的组合，这些规则就是所谓的序列规则。20.Sequential rules, a 1 ru
37、les, deletion rules are rules in phonology.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：assimilation）解析：解析 序列规则、同化规则和省略规则都属于音位规则。21.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i 1.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：intonation）解析：解析 句子中除了孤立的单词外，还被附加上了音
38、高、重音和音长等因素，所有这些东西统称为语调。语调在任何语言里都发挥着传导意义的作用，尤其是在像英语这样的语言里。22.Tones are p 1 variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：pitch）解析：解析 声调是由于声带振动速率的不同而引起的音高变化。音高变化可以同音位一样区别意义，因此，声调也是一个超切分特征。声调区别意义的功能在我们称之为声调语言的语言中尤其重要。英语不属于声调语言。我们的母语汉语是典型的声调语言
39、。23.Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called t 1 languages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：tone）解析：解析 声调语言指用一个个音节的音高来区别意义的语言。三、B(总题数：17，分数：32.50)24.Phonetics is concerned with all the sounds th
40、at occur in the worlds languages.（分数：2.50）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 语音学一般定义为对语言声音媒介的研究。它的主要研究对象是世界上所有的语言中出现过的一切声音。25.The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.（分数：2.50）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 气流受到的主要调节来自口腔。这里所涉及的主要位置有舌后、舌前、舌端和舌头最靠前的部分舌尖、小舌、软腭、硬腭、齿龈、牙齿和嘴唇。26.The classification of
41、English consonants involves both manner of articulation and place of articulation.（分数：2.50）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 英语的辅音可以用两种方法来分类：一是根据发音方法，另一种是根据发音位置。所谓的“发音方法”，指的是气流产生阻碍的方法，而“发音位置”则指的是气流产生阻碍的地方。27.In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, with the obs
42、truction audibly released and the air passing out again, such as English stops p and t in pit. In producing p and t the flow of air is blocked through the mouth only.（分数：2.50）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 在发音器官形成完全彻底的阻碍的情况下，阻碍一下子被释放，同时气流有声地发出，这样产生的语音叫做爆破音。英语的爆破音分为 3 组：pb，td和kg。改正：In producing stops or plosives, th
43、e obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again, such as English stops p and t in pit. In producing p and t the flow of air is blocked through both the mouth and the nose.28.In classifying the English consonants and
44、 vowels, the same criteria can be applied.（分数：2.50）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 元音和辅音的基本区别在于在发前者的时候，从肺部呼出的气流在咽喉、鼻子或口腔里均不会受到任何形式的阻碍，而在发后者的时候则要受到不同形式的阻碍。所以在对元音和辅音分类时，不可能采用同样的标准。改正：As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the producti
45、on of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification.29.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal
46、 pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf.（分数：2.50）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 如果两个不同语音组合，除了在相同的位置有一个语音切分不同之外，其他任何方面都相同，那么这两个语音组合(单词)就被认为形成了一个最小对立对。题中 veal 和 leaf 不符合最小对立对的要求。改正：Sip and zip are minimal pairs, as are fine and vine, but veal * and leaf * are not minimal pairs because although only one sound differs in the two words, the v occurs initially and the f finally.30.In the production of vowels, the air stream meets the same kind of obstruction as in the production of c
