1、现代语言学自考题-13 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：38，分数：95.00)1.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as _. A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.2.The study of how people
2、 use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is of great interest to those working in the area of _. A. phonology B. articulatory phonetics C. auditory phonetics D. acoustic phonetics（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.3._ phonetics looks at the sounds from the hearers point of view and studies how the sounds are
3、 perceived by the hearer. A. Articulatory B. Auditory C. Acoustic D. Oral（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.4.In linguistics, _ is focused on that how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds. A. acoustic phonetics B. articulatory phonetics C. auditory phonetics D. none of the above（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.5
4、.Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is _. A. auditory B. acoustic C. articulatory phonetics D. none of the above three（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.6.Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the _ properties of the stream of sounds which a spea
5、ker issues. A. oral B. mental C. physical D. recorded（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.7.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of _. A. all consonants B. vowels only C. all consonants and some vowels D. all vowels and some consonants（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.8.I
6、f you put a finger in each ear and say “z-z-z-z-z“, you can feel the vibrations of the _. A. glottis B. windpipe C. larynx D. vocal cords（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.9.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.10.The IPA ca
7、me into being towards the end of the _ century. A. nineteenth B. eighteenth C. seventeenth D. sixteenth（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.11.English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc. in terms of _. A. manner of articulation B. openness of mouth C. place of articulation D. voicing（分数：2.
8、50）A.B.C.D.12.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _, respectively. A. stops B. fricatives C. affricates D. plosives（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.13.The phonetic form of the prefix meaning “not“ is phonetically variant; it is in be fore a vowel or an alveolar consonan
9、t, im before a labial consonant, and before a _, for example, inoperable , impossible , and inconceivable （分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.14.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds tdszn share the feature of _. A. palatal B. alveolar C. bilabial D. dental（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.15.The initial sound in
10、 _ is a velar stop. A. tap B. map C. gap D. hap（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.16.The consonant f in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: _. A. voiceless, bilabial, stop B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative C. voiced, bilabial, stop D. voiced, labiodental, fricative（分数：2.50
11、）A.B.C.D.17.The vowel （分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.18.A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.19.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, except _. A. B. C. D
12、. （分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.20.In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are _ vowels. A. unfounded B. close C. open D. rounded（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.21._ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. A. Vowels B. Consonants C. Diphthongs D. Individual vowel
13、s（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.22._ aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. A. Linguistics B. Phonetics C. Phonology D. Articulatory phonetics（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.23.A phoneme is an abstract, distinctive and _ unit. A
14、. phonetic B. phonemic C. phonological D. phonic（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.24.A _ is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phoneme B. phone C. sound D. speech（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.25.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the
15、_ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.26.In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is _. A. random B. rule-governed C. haphazard D. unpredictable（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.27.If two speech sounds are in contrastiv
16、e distribution, they _. A. represent two phonemes B. are allophones of the same phoneme C. have exactly the same phonetic features D. do not appear in the same environment（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.28.In English, /p/ and /ph/ are in _ distribution. A. contrastive B. complementary C. free D. none of the above（
17、分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.29.If similar sounds that occur in the same environments are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form _. A. phonemic contrast B. phonetic distinction C. complementary distribution D. minimal pair（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.30.If two sounds are in complementary distribution, they are _ of
18、 the same phoneme. A. symbols B. allophones C. phones D. signs（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.31.A minimal pair can be illustrated by _. A. sip/sheep B. bread/breast C. same/shame D. breath/breathe（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.32.To form the present tense, 3rd person singular of the verb “teach“, we have to add “-es“, instead
19、of just “-s“ to it. This is required by the _ of English. A. assimilation rule B. sequential rule C. deletion rule D. morphological rule（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.33.Of the following sound combinations, only _ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English. A. klib B. bkil C. ilkb D. ilbk（分数：2.50
20、）A.B.C.D.34.When a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound which follows it, it is said to be _. A. nasalized B. assimilated C. aspirated D. voiced（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.35.Stress, tone and intonation are called _ features. A. segmental B. vocal C. speech D. suprasegmental（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D
21、.36.The feature that distinguishes “a greenhouse“ and “a green house“ is _. A. tone B. stress C. intonation D. aspiration（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.37.A phonological feature of the English _ is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element, and the second element receives secondary stress. A.
22、compounds B. phrases C. words D. sentences（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.38.A _ refers to a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black. A. black bird B. black bird C. black bird D. both B and C（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B(总题数：5，分数：5.00)39.For linguists, the study of s 1 is of grea
23、ter importance than that of writing.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_40.Speech sounds can be described in physical or a 1 terms. Physically, sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_41.A 1 phonetics is concerned with how speech sounds are produced.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_42.To descri
24、be the physical properties, phoneticians record the sound waves on machines called s 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_43.If the vocal cords are apart, the airflow is not obstructed at the glottis and it passes freely into the vocal tract above the glottis, the sounds produced in this way are called v 1 sounds.（分数：
25、1.00）填空项 1:_现代语言学自考题-13 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：38，分数：95.00)1.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as _. A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 在语言交际中占
26、有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。2.The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is of great interest to those working in the area of _. A. phonology B. articulatory phonetics C. auditory phonetics D. acoustic p
27、honetics（分数：2.50）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 研究人们怎么利用他们的发音器官来发出声音是发音语言学的课题。3._ phonetics looks at the sounds from the hearers point of view and studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. A. Articulatory B. Auditory C. Acoustic D. Oral（分数：2.50）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 语音学从三个既相互区别又相互联系的角度来审视语音现象，其中从听话者的角度来观察语音，研究声音
28、是采用什么样的方式被听话者所接收的，叫做听觉语音学。4.In linguistics, _ is focused on that how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds. A. acoustic phonetics B. articulatory phonetics C. auditory phonetics D. none of the above（分数：2.50）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 语音学从三个既相互区别又相互联系的角度来审视语音现象。其中，从说话者的角度来研究语音，即说话者是怎样利用他们的发音器
29、官发出声音来的，叫做发音语音学。5.Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is _. A. auditory B. acoustic C. articulatory phonetics D. none of the above three（分数：2.50）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 在语音学的这三个分支发音语音学、听觉语音学和声学语音学里，建立历史最长、迄今发展最完善的就是发音语音学。因此，我们才比较清楚，我们的发音器
30、官是怎么发出我们所能听到的声音的，以及这些声音都在哪些方面有所不同。6.Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the _ properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues. A. oral B. mental C. physical D. recorded（分数：2.50）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语音学研究中，有一种方法是人们通过观察声音通过空气从一个人传给另一个人的物质手段音波，来研究声音传导的方式，它叫做声学语音学。7.Vibration of the vocal cords re
31、sults in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of _. A. all consonants B. vowels only C. all consonants and some vowels D. all vowels and some consonants（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 当声带拉紧，气流以不同的速度强行通过的时候就会使声带颤动。这种声带的颤动导致一种语音音色的产生“浊音”，这是所有元音和诸如b，z，m之类的辅音所共有的特征。8.If you put a finger
32、 in each ear and say “z-z-z-z-z“, you can feel the vibrations of the _. A. glottis B. windpipe C. larynx D. vocal cords（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 当气流从肺部发出后，流经气管(windpipe)，通向声门(glottis)。声门是喉(larynx)的一部分，是位于气管尽头的软骨结构，这是声音从肺部发出后可能被改变的第一个部位。横在声门之间的就是声带(vocal card)。声门关闭时，中间只有一条窄缝，气流通过时引起声带振动，这种由于声带振动而发出的音叫做
33、浊音。英语中所有元间和一些辅音，如b，z，m等都是浊音。所以当我们发 z-z-z 音时，能感到声带的振动。9.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal（分数：2.50）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 在人们发声的时候，当声带拉得很宽时，气流可以畅通无阻地通过而不引起颤动，这样发出来的声音没有被浊音化，因而它们叫做清音。英语中像t，s，f之类的辅音都是清音。10.The IPA came into being t
34、owards the end of the _ century. A. nineteenth B. eighteenth C. seventeenth D. sixteenth（分数：2.50）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 19 世纪末，发音语音学在一些西方国家开始取得一些实质性的进展，这使得学者们感觉到有必要搞出一套标准的、能够在国际上得到认可的音标系统，于是，国际音标(IPA)就应运而生了。至今语音学家和语言学家们仍然在沿用这套音标，其间只做过小小的修改。11.English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasa
35、ls, etc. in terms of _. A. manner of articulation B. openness of mouth C. place of articulation D. voicing（分数：2.50）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 按照发音方法，英语的辅音可以划分为以下几类：爆破音、擦音、塞擦音、流音、鼻音、滑音。12.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _, respectively. A. stops B. fricatives C.
36、affricates D. plosives（分数：2.50）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 气流通过声带时，若不引起颤动，这样发出的声音称为清音，反之为辅音。英语辅音里有两个塞擦音：*。13.The phonetic form of the prefix meaning “not“ is phonetically variant; it is in be fore a vowel or an alveolar consonant, im before a labial consonant, and before a _, for example, inoperable , impossible
37、 , and inconceivable （分数：2.50）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 意为 not 的前缀在音系学上有不同形式，在元音或齿龈音前为in，在唇音前为im，在软腭音前为*。本题后面举的例子是与前面几个变体相互对应的，此题实际考查的是 inconceivable 中第一个 c 的发音*是软腭音这个知识点。14.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds tdszn share the feature of _. A. palatal B. alveolar C. bilabial D. dental（分数
38、：2.50）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 按照发音位置，tdszn分享齿龈音的特点，它们都是利用舌尖贴近上齿龈形成阻碍而形成的。15.The initial sound in _ is a velar stop. A. tap B. map C. gap D. hap（分数：2.50）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 爆破音是指发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍，然后气流冲破阻碍而发出的音。这些音有 6 个，pb，td和kg，而软腭音(舌的后部抬起贴近软腭)有kg和*。16.The consonant f in English can be correctly described as having the
39、 following phonetic features: _. A. voiceless, bilabial, stop B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative C. voiced, bilabial, stop D. voiced, labiodental, fricative（分数：2.50）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 英语中辅音f可以被描述成有下列语音特点：清音、唇齿音和擦音。17.The vowel （分数：2.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 发*音时，舌头被抬高后部使其高于其他部分，我们这是在发后元音。英语里所有的前元音和中元音都是非圆唇音，
40、即不用把嘴唇张开成圆形；除了*之外所有的后元音都是圆唇音。英语中的元音也可以按照声音的长度来进行划分。那些带有冒号标志的元音叫长元音，不带冒号标志的音叫短元音。按照我们口腔的张开程度，我们又可以把元音分为 4 组：闭元音、半闭元音、半开元音和开元音。闭元音有*u。18.A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle（分数：2.50）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 根据
41、发音时口腔中舌头的位置，元音可以分为前、中、后元音。前元音在发音的时候，舌头的前部总是处在口腔中最高的位置，英语中的前元音有*5 个。19.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, except _. A. B. C. D. （分数：2.50）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 当发一个元音的时候，要看嘴唇的形状是圆形的还是非圆形的。英语里所有的前元音和中元音都是非圆唇音，即不用把嘴唇张开成圆形；除了*之外所有的后元音都是圆唇音。20.In English, all the front
42、 vowels and the central vowels are _ vowels. A. unfounded B. close C. open D. rounded（分数：2.50）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 第三个用于元音分类的标准是嘴唇的形状。当发一个元音的时候，要看嘴唇的形状是圆形的还是非圆形的。英语里所有的前元音和中元音都是非圆唇音(即不用把嘴唇张开成圆形)。21._ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. A. Vowels B. Cons
43、onants C. Diphthongs D. Individual vowels（分数：2.50）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 在发双元音的时候，发音位置通过一些中间位置从一个元音滑向另外一个元音。双元音包括eiai*au*等。22._ aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. A. Linguistics B. Phonetics C. Phonology
44、 D. Articulatory phonetics（分数：2.50）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 音系学所感兴趣的是某一特定的语言中的语音系统，它旨在揭示一种语言中的语音形成组合的方式，以及它们是如何在语言交际活动中被用来传导意义的。23.A phoneme is an abstract, distinctive and _ unit. A. phonetic B. phonemic C. phonological D. phonic（分数：2.50）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 音系学(phonology)中最基本的单位叫音位(phoneme)，这是一种具有意义甄别价值的单位，也是一个抽象
45、的单位；准确地讲，音位不是一个具体的声音，而是能够区别语音特征的集合。而音素(phone)是我们在用一种语言讲话时所使用的声音，它不一定能区别意义。音素是音位的语音体现。在不同的语音环境中能够代表同一个音位的不同音素叫做该音位的音位变体(allophone)。24.A _ is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phoneme B. phone C. sound D. speech（分数：2.50）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 音系学(phonology)中最基本的单位叫音位(phoneme
46、)，这是一种具有意义甄别价值的单位，也是一个抽象的单位；准确地讲，音位不是一个具体的声音，而是能够区别语音特征的声音的集合。25.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 在不同的语音环境中能够代表同一个音位的不同音素叫做该音位的音位变体。例如英语中的/l/在讲话中可以表现为模糊的*或者清晰的l等，它们均是音位/l/的音位变体。26.In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice o
