1、现代语言学自考题-11 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Linguistics refers to the _ study of a language or languages at a single point in time, without reference to earlier or later stages. A. Diachronic B. Synchronic C. Historical D. Comparative（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.2.Th
2、e negative prefix “in-“ in English, when added to the adjective “possible“, is actually pronounced/im/, and spelt as “im“. This is the result of the _ rule at work. A. deletion B. assimilation C. phonetic D. sequential（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.3.The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegm
3、ental feature of tone languages such as _. A. Chinese B. English C. Chinese and English D. English and French（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.4.When we move the adverbial phrase “every day“ in the sentence “Every day, we study English“ to the end of the sentence, we are now _ the phrase to the right. A. rewriting B
4、. preposing C. postposing D. maintaining（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.5.The naming theory was proposed by _. A. the Greek scholar Plato B. .K. Ogden and I. Richards C. the British linguist J. Firth D. the American linguist L. Bloomfield（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.6.In terms of predication analysis, the utterance “Is it goi
5、ng to snow this afternoon?“ is a _. A. one-place predication B. two-place predication C. three-place predication D. no-place predication（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.7.In first language acquisition children usually _ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear. A. use B. accept C. generalize D. r
6、econstruct（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.8.Black English is a kind of _ dialect. A. regional B. standard C. ethnic D. situational（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.9.A particular coding system comprises a particular set of arbitrary verbal symols which do not arise from, nor do they give birth to, a particular _ system. A. convent
7、ional B. coding C. conceptual D. arbitrary（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.10.In a sense, humans can be said to be biologically programmed to acquire at least one language. What is meant by this _ view of language acquisition is that humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use. A
8、. behaviorist B. nativist C. mentalist D. empiricist（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.Human capacity for language has a g 1 basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_12.The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human
9、linguistic communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are called the p 1 medium of language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_13.The meaning of a compound is often i 1, not always being the sum total of the meanings of its components.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_14.Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite numb
10、er of sentences with infinite length, due to their r 1 properties.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_15.Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called s 1 features.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_16.In Austins early speech act theory, c 1 were statements that e
11、ither state or describe, and were thus verifiable.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_17.The major phonological change in the history of English known as the Great Vowel Shift involves seven long, or t 1, vowels of Middle English.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_18.Slang is often perceived as a low or vulgar form of language and is dee
12、med to be undesirable in f 1 styles of language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_19.Its known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a particular hemisphere of the brain. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l 1.（分数：
13、1.00）填空项 1:_20.At childrens language development, one-word utterances can be used to express a concept or predication similar to a sentence in adult speech. For example, a child might use the word “dada“ to mean “Dada, come here“, “more“ to mean “Give me more candy“. Those utterances can also be cal
14、led h 1 sentences.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_五、B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an unlimited number of sentences because he possesses an internalized set of rules about his language.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误22.Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used wi
15、th words, not with sentences.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误23.Lexical categories are generally known as parts of speech, and a language has major and minor lexical categories of a finite set.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误24.Major lexical categories are closed categories because the number of lexical items in these categories
16、 is fixed and no new members are allowed for.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误25.A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误26.The violations of the maxims make our language indirect.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误27.Borrowing occurs when one language takes a word or morpheme from an
17、other language and adds it to its lexicon.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误28.An official language is in fact a national language.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误29.Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure of their vocal cords.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误30.A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about th
18、e same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误六、B(总题数：10，分数：30.00)31.cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)（分数：3.00）_32.free morphemes（分数：3.00）_33.linguistic competence（分数：3.00）_34.co-hyponyms（分数：3.00）_35.hom
19、onymy（分数：3.00）_36.perlocutionary act（分数：3.00）_37.idiolect（分数：3.00）_38.subvocal speech（分数：3.00）_39.intrapersonal communication（分数：3.00）_40.contrastive analysis（分数：3.00）_七、B(总题数：2，分数：20.00)41.Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word, and modify the meaning of a stem, but usually do not change the par
20、t of speech of the original word. Do you think it is true? Support your answer with examples.（分数：10.00）_42.What is bilingualism? What is a bilingual community? What does it mean that most bilingual communities have one thing in common?（分数：10.00）_现代语言学自考题-11 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题
21、数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Linguistics refers to the _ study of a language or languages at a single point in time, without reference to earlier or later stages. A. Diachronic B. Synchronic C. Historical D. Comparative（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 语言存在于时间之中并随着时间的推移而发展变化着。对处于某一时间点的语言所作的描述叫做共时性研究；对随时间
22、的推移而发生变化的语言所作的描述，叫做历时性研究。2.The negative prefix “in-“ in English, when added to the adjective “possible“, is actually pronounced/im/, and spelt as “im“. This is the result of the _ rule at work. A. deletion B. assimilation C. phonetic D. sequential（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 否定前缀 in-被加在形容词 possible 前时，实际
23、上发im，拼写为 im，这是音位规则中同化规则在起作用。同化规则是指一个语音受同一音位序列中另外一个音素的影响，从而“复制”另外一个音素的某种特征，结果使得两个音素非常相似。对相邻语音的同化主要是由发音或者生理过程引起的。当我们发音的时候，会下意识地扩大发音时的自由度。这种“率性而为”的倾向性逐渐形成了语言中的这种规则。3.The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone languages such as _. A. Chinese B. English C. Chines
24、e and English D. English and French（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 声调是由于声带振动速率的不同而引起的音高变化。音高变化可以同音位一样区别意义，因此，声调也是一个超切分特征。声调区别意义的功能在我们称之为声调语言的语言中尤其重要。英语不属于声调语言。我们的母语汉语是典型的声调语言，它有 4 种声调。4.When we move the adverbial phrase “every day“ in the sentence “Every day, we study English“ to the end of the sentence, we
25、 are now _ the phrase to the right. A. rewriting B. preposing C. postposing D. maintaining（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 句子中的某个成分从它原来所处的位置移至新的位置就产生句法位移。本题中副词短语every day 很明显是向右后移。5.The naming theory was proposed by _. A. the Greek scholar Plato B. .K. Ogden and I. Richards C. the British linguist J. Firth D
26、. the American linguist L. Bloomfield（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 意义研究中最古老的理论之一是古希腊学者柏拉图所提出的命名论。根据这种理论，语言形式或标记，或者说，语言中所用的词被看成是该词所指事物的名称或标记。6.In terms of predication analysis, the utterance “Is it going to snow this afternoon?“ is a _. A. one-place predication B. two-place predication C. three-place predi
27、cation D. no-place predication（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 述谓结构由论元和谓词组成。论元指的是述谓结构中的逻辑参与者，基本上等同于句子中的名词部分。谓词谈及的是论元，或者说它说明的是句子中联系论元的逻辑关系。根据述谓结构中论元数量的多少，述谓结构可以分为双位述谓结构(包含两个论元)、一位述谓结构(包含一个论元)和空位述谓结构(不包含论元)等。英语中包含非人称“it”的句子如“It is hot”，该句中(BE HOT)是述谓结构的谓词，“It”不能看作是论元。7.In first language acquisition children us
28、ually _ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear. A. use B. accept C. generalize D. reconstruct（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语言习得的学者们所普遍认同的一个观点是，儿童习得母语的时候并不是通过语法规则在形式上的指导。孩子们通常自己构筑他们个人的语法体系，并从他们所听来的信息中概括出语言规则。他们语言的发展分阶段进行直至他们接近了成年人的语法准则。儿童们的语法并不是丝毫不差地向成年交际团体模仿，因为他们所接触到的是形形色色的语言信息。更重要的是，
29、孩子们有强烈的简化和统一语法规则的欲望，尤其是当他们看到成年人在选择性地使用某些规则的时候。8.Black English is a kind of _ dialect. A. regional B. standard C. ethnic D. situational（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 黑人英语是一种少数民族方言，它很可能是分布范围最广的、英语语言中人们最熟悉的少数民族语言变体了。它一般在大多数非中产阶级的美国黑人们中间使用。从语言学的角度来看，像黑人英语这样的少数民族方言变体无非是美国英语的一种非标准方言而已。9.A particular coding syste
30、m comprises a particular set of arbitrary verbal symols which do not arise from, nor do they give birth to, a particular _ system. A. conventional B. coding C. conceptual D. arbitrary（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 尽管所有的人类具有相同的一般概念化能力，但自然语言还是形成了不同的编码系统，一种特殊的编码系统都含有一套特殊的任意的语言符号，这种语言符号既不是起因于、也不导致某种特殊的概念系统的产生。
31、使用不同语言的人能够用表示相同客观世界的那些各不相同的语言编码系统来区别和辨别不同的经验。10.In a sense, humans can be said to be biologically programmed to acquire at least one language. What is meant by this _ view of language acquisition is that humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use. A. behaviorist
32、B. nativist C. mentalist D. empiricist（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 语言习得是一种所有人都有的经遗传而来的能力，尽管交际系统的发展并非人类所独有，但是能够自然地习得一种由高度抽象的规则所组成的能够进行创造性交际活动的语言系统是人类区别于其他动物的主要特征。从这个意义上来讲，可以说人类先天就具备了习得至少一种语言的生物基础。语言习得的生物或先天论意指人类拥有学习和使用语言的先决条件。三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.Human capacity for language h
33、as a g 1 basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：genetic）解析：解析 尽管人类的语言能力有一定的遗传基础，即我们生来就具有习得某种语言的能力，但并非所有的语言细节都能通过遗传获得，而是要通过教或学才可得以完成，这就说明语言具有文化传递性。12.The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human linguistic communication and are of interest
34、 to linguistic studies are called the p 1 medium of language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：phonic）解析：解析 口语和书面语是自然语言作为交际工具所使用的两大主要媒介和物质手段。在语言的上述两大媒介中，口语比书面语更基本。对于语言学家而言，对声音的研究远远比对书面语言的研究要重要得多，所以他们用于分析和研究的资料也大多采样于权威的日常用语。13.The meaning of a compound is often i 1, not always being the sum total of the meaning
35、s of its components.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：idiomatic）解析：解析 一个复合词的意思经常是约定俗成的，而不总是它各个组成部分意思的综合。例如blackleg 并不是一条黑颜色的腿。14.Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences with infinite length, due to their r 1 properties.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：recursive）解析：解析 我们的英语语法知识有很大一部分都是通过简缩后的短语
36、结构规则来体现的。由于短语结构规则所具有的循环特征，人类可以生成无数个长度无限的句子来。这就是为什么智力“有限”的说话人能造出并理解无数种句子来。15.Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called s 1 features.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：semantic）解析：解析 成分分析是由结构语义学家所提出的、分析词的意思的方法。这种方法所基于的观点是：词义可以分成不同的意义成分
37、，叫做语义特征。16.In Austins early speech act theory, c 1 were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：constatives）解析：解析 言语行为理论是约翰奥斯汀提出来的，它从哲学意义上对语言交际的本质进行了解释，其目的在于回答“用语言干什么”这个问题。早期，奥斯汀对他所说的表述句和施为句进行了区分。表述句要么用于陈述，要么用于描述，可以验证；另一方面，施为句既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证。17.T
38、he major phonological change in the history of English known as the Great Vowel Shift involves seven long, or t 1, vowels of Middle English.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：tense）解析：解析 英语中最重要的、影响英语元音最广泛的一系列变化发生在中世纪英语时期的末期，即大约在公元 1400 年到 1600 年之间。这些变化导致了英语中的词素与其语音表象之间的一些主要的差别即现代英语中发音和拼写系统的不一致。这在英语历史中以主要元音转移著称。
39、这些语音系统的变化主要涉及英语中 7 个长紧元音。18.Slang is often perceived as a low or vulgar form of language and is deemed to be undesirable in f 1 styles of language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：formal）解析：解析 尽管俚语一般是非常生动的，且表现力很强，几乎每个人都在不同的场合使用过它，但是，这个术语传统上就带有一种负面的涵义：它经常被看成是语言的一种低级的、粗俗的形式，所以在语言的正式文体中是不可取的。19.Its known that sp
40、ecialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a particular hemisphere of the brain. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：lateralization）解析：解析 现在人们已经知道，那种特殊的语言和感知技能分别位于大脑的某一个特定的半球。对大多数人而言
41、，大脑左半球主要负责语言能力，而大脑右半球不仅负责对非语言即声音及音乐旋律的感知，而且还控制着人的视觉及空间能力。人类的认知与感知功能定位于某一特定半球的现象被称为大脑的侧化。20.At childrens language development, one-word utterances can be used to express a concept or predication similar to a sentence in adult speech. For example, a child might use the word “dada“ to mean “Dada, come
42、here“, “more“ to mean “Give me more candy“. Those utterances can also be called h 1 sentences.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：holophrastic）解析：解析 儿童的只包含一个词的言语被称为独词句，因为利用它们他们可以用来表达在成人语言中需要用完整的句子才可以表达的概念或推断。因此，儿童可能会用单词 dada 指 Dad，come here，more指 Give me more candy。五、B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.According to Chomsky, a
43、speaker can produce and understand an unlimited number of sentences because he possesses an internalized set of rules about his language.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 乔姆斯基认为一个说话者拥有一套内化了的语言规则，所以说话的人能说出并理解无数的句子，只是他不能说清楚这些规则到底是什么。所以语言学家的任务就是发现并能够详细地说明这些规则。22.Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not with sentences.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 超切分特征包含重音、声调、语调。按照重音所存在的情况，重音可以分为两类：单词重音和句子重音。改正：Stress applies to both words and sentences.23.Lexical categories are generally known as parts of speech, and a language has major and minor lexical categories of a finite
