1、Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-lSO/ITA 1:1994(E) Cover: Photograph of a 0,2 mm x 0,2 mm square single crystal of the high tem- perature superconductor YB
2、a2Cu307+ showing the orthogonal twin structure characteristic of this material. Photograph courtesy of Frank W. Gay/e, Debra L. Kaiser and Leonard C. Smith, Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology. 0 IS0 1994 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise
3、specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. International Organization for Standardization Case postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Swi
4、tzerland Printed in Switzerland ii Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-0 IS0 ISO/lTA 1:1994(E) Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Executive summaries English V French . ix German . XIII Italian xvii Japanese xxi Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii 1 Scope 1 2 Rationale for the coding system . 2 3 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 Descriptor fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4.1 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4.2 Chemical character (including form) . 3 4.3 Processing 5 4.4 Property data 5 5 Use of the classification system . 7 6 Construction of a classification code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6.1 Routes for selecting field codes 8 6.2 Worked examples . 13 Annexes A Application descriptor field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 B Chemical character (including form) descriptor field . .
10、. . . . . . . . . . . 29 C Processing descriptor field . 51 D Property data descriptor field 54 E Bibliography 60 F VAMAS working group members of Technical Working Area (TWA) 14, Classification of Advanced Ceramics . 61 III Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS un
11、der license with ISONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/TTA 1:1994(E) 0 IS0 Foreword IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing Internati
12、onal Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with IS
13、O, also take part in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. To respond to the need for global collaboration on standardization questions at early stages of technological innovation, the IS0 Counc
14、il, following recommendations of the ISO/IEC Presidents Advisory Board on Technological Trends, decided to establish a new series of IS0 publi- cations named “Technology Trends Assessments” (ISO/lTA). These publications are the results of either direct cooperation with prestandard- ization organizat
15、ions or ad hoc workshops of experts concerned with standardization needs and trends in emerging fields. Technology Trends Assessments are thus the result of prestandardization work or research. As a condition of publication by ISO, lSO/TTAs shall not conflict with existing International Standards or
16、 draft International Stan- dards (DIS), but shall contain information that would normally form the basis of standardization. IS0 has decided to publish such documents to promote the harmonization of the objectives of ongoing prestandardization work with those of new initiatives in the Research and D
17、evelopment en- vironment. It is intended that these publications will contribute towards rationalization of technological choice prior to market entry. This Technology Trends Assessment, ISO/TTA 1, has been developed by the Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) (see I and 2
18、for further information on this organization) and is pub- lished under a Memorandum of Understanding concluded between IS0 and VAMAS. It reports the results of the Technical Working Area (TWA) 14 of VAMAS, which had the task of proposing a classification of advanced technical ceramics and which reta
19、ins the responsibility for the technical content of this ISO/TTA. Users of this lSO/TTA who would like information on the research project should refer to the full report of VAMAS TWA 14 3 which was prepared under the leadership of Dr S. Schneider, Jr., from NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-0001,
20、USA. The IS0 Tech- nical Board approved the publication of this classification as an ISO/TTA in August 1993. Whilst ISO/TTAs are not standards, it is hoped that they will be used as a basis for standards development in future national and international standardization processes. In the particular ca
21、se of ISO/TTA 1, the publi- cation has been brought to the attention of Technical Committee ISO/TC 206, Fine ceramics, for use in its standardization work. iv Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking pe
22、rmitted without license from IHS-,-,-SO/l-l-A 1:1994(E) EXECUTIVE S-Y As a consequence of modern day technology needs, materials technologies have seen a waning of commodity materials usage in parallel with a commensurate increased demand for engineered materials that perform totally new functions o
23、r old functions in much better ways. Accordingly, a wave of new products using advanced materials are appearing with regularity on the marketplace. Among these new materials types, advanced ceramics have emerged as a premier class that has enabled current technologies to be improved, and new technol
24、ogies possible. Advanced ceramics currently are market entities and have been for many years. With more in the offing, estimates place world markets to be tens of billions of dollars by year 2000. Even so, advanced ceramics have not been generally recognized as a separate materials class, distinct f
25、rom other types of ceramic materials. Currently standardization systems are out of date and must be adjusted to factor in a coherent way, advanced ceramics and other new material products along with the more traditional materials. Otherwise every facet of science and technology and associated parts
26、of the economy, from the individual researchers and consumers, to manufacturers, to whole industries, to the financial community, to governments and nations, will devise their own set of advanced ceramic definitions, append various labels and develop tabulation specifications that more often than no
27、t, conflict one to another. This discordant process is already underway. The standardization issue is complex, but one obvious first need is the development of a classification system for advanced ceramics products that defines what they are, what they are good for, and when statistics or other data
28、 are compiled, tells the level of associated activity, element by element. In recognition of this need, the Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) in 1988 established a new project, Technical Work Area, Number 14 (TWA 14) on the classification of advanced ceramics to provide
29、the pre-standards foundation and building block guide for an internationally acceptable system. Three strategic objectives of TWA 14 set the directions of the international effort: 1. To identify and assess the issues inherent in developing a classification system for advanced ceramics; 2. To establ
30、ish a classification structure suitable for international use in a compendium of ways, including industrial economic statistical indicators, Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without li
31、cense from IHS-,-,-ISO/lTA 1:1994(E) materials and property databases, and products, standards and literature categorizations; and, 3. To develop mechanisms and international institutional links for system implementation. The objectives were achieved through a work plan that included: an assessment
32、of existing classifications systems and terminology; a worldwide survey of the classification practices and preferences of industry; and, an international workshop to develop a detailed technical basis for the preferred industrial scheme. These, and associated work activities culminated in the devel
33、opment of a full range classification system for advanced technical ceramics, having the following features: 0 Defines “advanced technical ceramics” for classification purposes as “a highly engineered, high performance, predominately non-metallic, inorganic, ceramic material having specific function
34、al attributes”. This definition encompasses a diverse range of materials and product classes separated along physical applications like mechanical, thermal, electrical, etc., but excludes commodity products, such as building materials and refractories. 0 Identifies and lists 500 different product ty
35、pes as advanced technical ceramics; e Establishes a comprehensive classification system for advanced technical ceramics that is capable of expansion to accommodate new products or the inclusion of other ceramic classes; 0 Provides a non-hierarchical, matrix-type scheme of classification that is acce
36、ssible by a number of entry and retrieval routes to build relational databases; and, 0 Provides a machine readable coding system built upon four independent descriptor fields and corresponding subdivisions that may be sequenced in any order to match the users preference. Each descriptor field is sep
37、arately identified by a unique initial code letter: A for application, C for chemical character and product form, P for processing and D for property data. vi Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking pe
38、rmitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/lTA 1:1994(E) The unique code letters act as field separators in long coding strings. Detailed listings are provided for complete coding by subdivision categories of each of the independent descriptor fields. Overall the utility of the classification system i
39、s multi-fold. Its use is advantageous at the company level for purposes involving assembly of design and materials property databases, or tabulation of inventories, or invoicing. Industry can use the system for gathering and sorting trend data on market behavior or R a quoi elles sont bonnes ; et qu
40、and des statistiques ou dautres don des tables des materiaux des produits existants et de leurs proprietes ; un classement des standards et de la litterature scientifique ; etc . 3. Developper les mecanismes et les liens institutionnels internationaux necessaires a lepanouissement du systeme. Ces ob
41、jectifs furent atteints grace a un plan de travail qui inclut une evaluation des systemes de classification et des terminologies existantes et une recherche mondiale des pratiques en matiere de classification et des preferences de lindustrie, suivie dun seminaire international pour mettre sur pied l
42、es bases techniques detaillees du schema ayant la preference des industriels. De tout cela et du travail qui lui a CtC associe Cmergea un systeme de classification complet des ceramiques avancees ayant les caracteristiques suivantes : 0 11 definit pour les besoins de la classification les “ceramique
43、s avancees” comme des “materiaux ceramiques, de conception Cvoluee, a hautes performances, inorganiques a dominante non metallique et presentant des attributs fonctionnels specifiques”. Cette definition englobe des types de materiaux et de produits assez divers qui sont classes selon leurs applicati
44、ons physiques comme la mecanique, la thermique, lindustrie Clectrique etc . , mais exclut les produits de commodites comme les materiaux de construction et les refractaires. 0 11 identifie et liste en temps que ceramiques techniques avancees 500 types de produits differents. 0 11 Ctablit un vaste sy
45、steme de classification pour les ceramiques techniques avancees qui est susceptible de recevoir des extensions et dinclure de nouveaux produits voire meme de nouveaux types de ceramiques. 0 11 apporte un systeme de classification non-hierarchique de type matriciel qui est accessible par plusieurs en
46、trees et permet done de construire des bases de donnees relationnelles. a I1 propose un systeme de codage lisible par une machine, bati autour de 4 champs de descripteurs independants, eux-mCmes sous-divids, qui peuvent etre sequences dans un ordre quelconque selon la preference de lutilisateur. Cha
47、que champ de descripteurs est identifie separement par une unique lettre initiale de code. X Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/ll-A 1:1994(E) A pour les
48、 Applications. C pour la nature Chimique et le type du produit. P pour le Pro eine weltweite obersicht der Klassifikationspraxis und Prioritaten der Industrie sowie einen internationalen Workshop zur Entwicklung einer detaillierten technischen Grundlage fur das von der Industrie bevorzugte Schema. D
49、iese und die daraus folgenden Arbeiten gipfelten in der Entwicklung eines umfassenden Klassifikationssystems fiir Technische Hochleistungskeramik, das durch die folgenden Elemente gekennzeichnet ist: a Es bezeichnet “Technische Hochleistungskeramik” zum Zweck der Klassifikation als “eine hochentwickelte Hochleistungskeramik, die iiberwiegend nichtmetallisch anorganisch ist und spezifische funktionale Eigenschaften aufweist”. Diese Definition
