1、TECHNICAL REPORT IS0 TR 9901 First edition 1990-08-01 Solar Energy - Field Pyranometers - Recommended practice for use Energie solaire - PyranomWes de champ - Pratique recommandke pour Iemploi Reference number lSO/-t-R 9901:1990(E) ISWTR 9901:1990(E) Contents Page 1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Definitions 1 4 Pyranometer selection . 1 4.1 Selection related to pyranometer type 1 4.2 Selection re
3、lated to the measuring specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 Recommended practice for use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5.2 Pyranometer for measurement of global radiation on a horizontal or tilted plane .,.,. . . . . . . .* 3 5.3 Pyranometer for diffuse solar radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *. 8 5.4
5、 Pyranometer for reflected global radiation . . . . a*. Q Annexes A Commentary on ventilation systems 11 A.1 Need for ventilation . 11 A.2 Types of ventilation systems 11 A.3 Specifications for ventilation systems . 12 B Estimation of the losses of reflected direct solar radiation due to the shade o
6、f the pyranometer itself ,.,.,.*. 14 C Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 0 IS0 1990 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or ut
7、lllzed In any form or by any means, electronic or mechanlcal, lncludlng photocopylng and microfilm, without permlsslon In wrltlng from the publlsher. International Organlzatlon for Standardlzatlon Case Postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland Prlnted in Switzerland ii ISOITR 9901:1990(E) Forewor
8、d IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technica
9、l committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, govern- mental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of e
10、lectrotechnical standardization. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Stan- dards, but in exceptional circumstances a technical committee may propose the publication of a Technical Report of one of the following types: - type I, when the required support cannot be obtain
11、ed for the publi- cation of an International Standard, despite repeated efforts; - type 2, when the subject is still under technical development or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement on an International Standard; - type 3, when a technical co
12、mmittee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Stan- dard (“state of the art”, for example). Technical Reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three years of publication, to decide whether they can be transformed into Internatio
13、nal Standards. Technical Reports of type 3 do not necessarily have to be reviewed until the data they provide are considered to be no longer valid or useful. ISO/TR 9901, which is a Technical Report of type 2, was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 180, Solar energy. The scope of ISO/TC 18O/SC 1
14、 is the measurement and recording of cli- matic data in relation to solar energy utilization. This Technical Report on recommended practice for the use of field pyranometers has been prepared as an adjunct to the work of ISO/TC 18O/SC 1 on the calibration and specification of pyranometers. Annexes A
15、, B and C of this Technical Report are for information only. Iii TECHNICAL REPORT ISOlTR 9901:1990(E) Solar energy - Field pyranometers - Recommended practice for use 1 Scope This Technical Report gives recommended practice for the use of field pyranometers in solar energy applications (e.g. testing
16、 of solar collectors or other devices, and monitoring of solar systems). It is ap- plicable for both indoor and outdoor use of pyranometers, when measuring global and reflected solar radiation, or radiation from a solar simulator. The measurements may be carried out on either a horizontal or an incl
17、ined surface, and the pyranometer may be combined with a sun-shading device to measure diffuse radiation. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Technical Report. At the time of publication, the editions
18、indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Technical Report are encouraged to investi- gate the possibility of applying the most recent edi- tions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid
19、International Standards. IS0 9060:19901), Solar energy - Specification and classification of instruments for measuring hemispherical solar and direct solar radiation. IS0 9847:-J), Solar energy - Calibrafion of field pyranometers by comparison to a reference pyranometer. 3 Definitions For the purpos
20、es of this Technical Repot-t, the defi- nitions given in IS0 9060 apply. 4 Pyranometer selection 4.1 Selection related to pyranometer type There are several criteria for selection of the pyranometer type as follows: a) task-specific criteria, such as the accuracy re- quirements for the selected inci
21、dent angle and temperature ranges and maximal response time; b) operational criteria, such as dimensions, weight, stability and maintenance; c) economic criteria, such as when networks have to be equipped. For solar energy applications, only thermoelectric and photoelectric instruments should be use
22、d. Thermoelectric pyranometers are generally more accurate over a wide range of conditions. Solar photovoltaic cells (otherwise known as Silicon- pyranometers) also offer a few advantages: they are inexpensive, small in size, have a fast response time and, if properly designed and mounted, a good co
23、sine response. When overall accuracy require- ments are not too high, or where constant spectrum conditions exist (as with artificial sources), they may be used to measure the incoming radiation when calibrated under the working conditions. NOTE 1 First class instruments are not necessary for all ap
24、plications. 4.2 Selection related to the measuring specifications As a first step, all possible ranges of measuring pa- rameters (temperature, irradiance, angle of inci- dence, tilt angle) should be compiled. It should be remembered that the ranges of measuring parame- 1) To be published. ISOlTR 990
25、1:1990(E) ters met in indoor tests are usually smaller than those met in outdoor tests. Reference should be made to information about measuring and physical specifications of pyranometers given by - the IS0 classification of pyranometers given in IS0 9060 (which defines the specifications to be met
26、by different categories of instrument), and - the data specification sheet from the manufac- turer, or preferably from an independent test In- stitute. (Specification items are listed in IS0 9060:1990, table 1. Annex A gives information on ventilation systems. A future international Standard will co
27、ver the characterization of pyranometers.) if the accuracy of secondary standard pyranometers is not sufficient (especially for high incidence an- gles) it is recommended that the hemispherical so- lar radiation be measured using both a pyrheliometer and a shaded pyranometer for inci- dent radiation
28、 and direct radiation respectively. 5 Recommended practice for use 5.1 General Unless otherwise stated the use of pyranometers is the same both for the sun as the radiation source and for an artificial light source (solar simulator). A basic check list for the use of field pyranometers is given in t
29、able 1. Equipment Pyranometer Table 1 - Check list for field pyranometers Object Control Maintenance Glass dome Local pollution, sand Wipe clear and dry (outside) Frozen snow, rime, frost De-ice and wipe Glass dome (in- Condensation water Remove the outer dome and dry it side) Rubber washer Perishin
30、g Lubricate or replace Sensing surface Black and even Report, check the sensitivity and when necessary replace the instru- ment Ventilator Desiccator Coiour of desiccant Replace Spirit level Horizontal Adjust Operational state Unusual noise, or air current Report, and when necessary replace Heating
31、Formation of rime or frost Electrical check or replace . Air ducts Dirt Clean Shadow Position relative to the dome (morning Adjust and afternoon) Shading device Shading ring Paint, dirt Clean and paint when necessary Angie to horizontal Adjust Shading disk Motor Replace Stability of the mount Adjust
32、 or replace Contact box Contacts Corrosion, humidity and dirt Clean and tighten the box Loose junctions Tighten the junctions or replace As a wide variety of data acquisition and recording systems are used with pyranometers it is diffi- Data acquisition cult to give a check list for this equipment.
33、Reference should be made to the manufacturers in- structions. ISOlTR 9901:1990(E) 5.2 Pyranometer for measurement of global radiation on a horizontal or tilted plane 5.2.1 Installation in solar energy applications the pyranometer is generally mounted on the object to be tested e.g. a solar collector
34、) to measure the incoming solar radi- ation. 5.2.1.1 Selection of the installation site The test object and the pyranometer shall be equally exposed; that means that the test surface and pyranometer shall receive the same irradiance and have the same inclination angle. When the test object is not un
35、iformly exposed, either a correction should be applied or more than one pyranometer should be used. The need for easy access during maintenance shall be considered in selecting the installation site. 5.2.1.2 Stand or support The pyranometer should be securely attached to whatever mounting stand is a
36、vailable, using the holes provided in the tripod legs or in the baseplate. Precautions should always be taken to avoid sub- jecting the instrument to mechanical shocks or vi- bration during installation. The stand shall be a rigid construction able to resist severe storms, temper- ature variations,
37、etc. A metal or concrete support is suitable. A wooden support should not be used be- cause of its susceptibility to temperature and hu- midity effects. if the pyranometer is to be used in an inclined pos- ition it is recommended that it be mounted on a plate parallel to the pyranometer sensor, and
38、in a way that will ensure that the instrument is parallel to the test object. 5.2.1.3 Levelling of pyranometer First the spirit level shall be checked. This may be tested in the laboratory on an optical leveiiing table using a collimated lamp beam at an elevation of about 20. The ieveliing screws of
39、 the instrument are adjusted until the variation in response is a mini- mum during rotation of the sensor in the azimuth. if necessary, the spirit level is then adjusted to indi- cate the horizontal plane. This is called radiometric ieveiiing and should be the same as ieveiiing the thermopiie; this
40、may not be true if the thermopiie surface is not uniform. 5.2.1.4 Mounting of the pyranometer on the stand Wherever possible, the pyranometer should be ori- ented so that the cable or connectors are located north of the receiving surface in the northern hemi- sphere (and south of the receiving surfa
41、ce in the southern hemisphere), This minimizes radiant heat- ing of the electrical connections. instruments with Moii-Gorcynski thermopiies should be oriented so that the line of hot thermojunctions (the long side of the rectangular thermopiie) points east-west. The latter requirement sometimes conf
42、licts with the for- mer, depending on the type of instrument. in such a case, the requirement for orientation of the Moii- Gorcynski thermopiies should take precedence since the cable may be shaded if necessary. if during calibration the pyranometer was not ori- ented in the directions recommended a
43、bove, the cable should point in the same direction as when the pyranometer was calibrated (if its orientation during calibration is known) and the connector shall be shaded by an additional cap. When the instrument is outdoors and mounted in an inclined position, the cable should point downwards to
44、avoid rain reaching the electrical connection. Ra- diation reflected from the ground or the base should not irradiate the instrument body from underneath; a cylindrical shading device may be used, but care should be taken to permit sufficient natural venti- lation to maintain the instrument body at
45、ambient temperature. The pyranometer should then be secured lightly with screws or bolts and ieveiied with the aid of the ieveiiing screws and spirit level provided. After this, the retaining screws should be tightened, taking care that the setting is not disturbed so that when properly exposed, the
46、 receiving surface is horizon- tal, as indicated by the spirit level. Alternatively, the ieveiiing arrangements may com- prise spring-loaded adjusting bolts (see figure 1) which allow the pyranometer to be firmly fastened to the mounting, and then ieveiied, without the need for an iterative procedur
47、e. 3 lSO/TR 9901:-l 990(E) Figure 4 - Mounting of a pyransmeter tiith spring-loaded adjusting bolts 52.4 .B Electrical installation The cable connecting the pyranometer to- its re- corder should have twin conductors and should be waterproof. The cable should be secured firmly to the mounting stand t
48、o minimize the chance of breakage or intermittent disconnection in windy weather. Wherever possible, the cable should be protected and buried underground if the recorder is- located at a distance. The use of shielded cable is recommended, with the pyranometer, cable and re- corder being, connected b
49、y a very low .resistance conductor to a common earth. Care must be exercized to obtain a good copper-to- copper junction between all connections prior to soldering. All exposed junctions shall be weather- proofed and protected from physical damage. After identification of the circuit polarity, the other extremity of the cable may be connected. to the re- corder in accordance with the relevant instructions. 5,2,2 Ventllatiom systems Where high accuracy and reliability are required it is necessary to ventilate
