1、 ISO 2013 Determination of the resistance to jet fires of passive fire protection Part 2: Guidance on classification and implementation methods Dtermination de la rsistance aux feux propulss de protection passive contre lincendie Partie 2: Directives relatives la classification et aux mthodes de mis
2、e en oeuvre TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 22899-2 First edition 2013-06-15 Reference number ISO/TR 22899-2:2013(E) ISO/TR 22899-2:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or u
3、tilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copy
4、right office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO/TR 22899-2:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms a
5、nd definitions . 1 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2 5 Principle 2 6 Applicability of the test 3 6.1 General . 3 6.2 Jet fires . 3 6.3 Large scale testing of passive fire protection 4 6.4 Development . 4 6.5 Applicability 5 6.6 Conclusions from the validation trials 6 7 Additional information on t
6、esting pipe penetration seals . 6 7.1 General . 6 7.2 Recommendations for mounting penetration seals on panels 6 7.3 Recommended instrumentation of pipe penetration seals 8 7.4 Recommended performance criteria . 9 8 Classification (optional) 10 8.1 General 10 8.2 Type of fire .10 8.3 Type of applica
7、tion .10 8.4 Critical temperature rise .10 8.5 Period of resistance .11 8.6 Integrity .11 8.7 Examples of application of the rating .11 9 Combination of results from hydrocarbon furnace and resistance to jet fire tests .12 9.1 General 12 9.2 Hydrocarbon and jet fire resistance tests .12 9.3 Section
8、factor .13 9.4 Thickness of fire protection material 13 Annex A (informative) Validation .15 Bibliography .16 ISO/TR 22899-2:2013(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Int
9、ernational Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison w
10、ith ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directiv
11、es, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the
12、 elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations re
13、ceived. www.iso.org/patents Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 92 , Fire safety , Subcommittee SC 2, Fire containment. ISO 22899 consists of the following
14、 parts, under the general title Determination of the resistance to jet fires of passive fire protection materials : Part 1:General requirements Part 2: Guidance on classification and implementation methods Technical Reportiv ISO 2013 All rights reserved ISO/TR 22899-2:2013(E) Introduction The jet fi
15、re test described in ISO 22899-1 is one in which some of the properties of passive fire protection materials can be determined. The test specified in ISO 22899-1 is designed to give an indication of how passive fire protection materials will perform in a jet fire. Although the test method has been d
16、esigned to simulate some of the conditions that occur in an actual jet fire, it cannot reproduce them all exactly and the thermal and mechanical loads do not necessarily coincide. The results of the jet fire test do not guarantee safety but may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment for struc
17、tures or plant. One should also take into account all the other factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard for a particular end use. The jet fire test is not intended to replace the hydrocarbon fire resistance test (ISO/TR 834-3; EN 1363) but is seen as a complementary test. ISO
18、2013 All rights reserved v Determination of the resistance to jet fires of passive fire protection Part 2: Guidance on classification and implementation methods 1 Scope The test specified in ISO 22899-1 is designed to give an indication of how passive fire protection materials will perform in a jet
19、fire. This part of ISO 22899 provides: background information on the applicability and validation of the jet fire test; further details on testing pipe penetration seals; guidance on the interpretation of the tests results and on an optional classification system; guidance on the combination of resu
20、lts from hydrocarbon furnace tests and resistance to jet fire tests. ISO 22899-1 describes the thickness of fire protection material (sometimes referred to as passive fire protection; PFP) required to resist the application of a jet fire. This part of ISO 22899 provides information on the erosion fa
21、ctor which is the additional thickness required above and beyond that required to satisfy the relevant criteria of ISO 834 (or other national or regional standards designed to evaluate the fire resistance with respect to a fully developed fire) for the element/construction under test. 2 Normative re
22、ferences The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies
23、. ISO 22899-1, Determination of the resistance to jet fires of passive fire protection materials Part 1: General requirements 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 22899-1 and the following apply. 3.1 critical temperature maximum temperatur
24、e that the equipment, assembly or structure to be protected may be allowed to reach 3.2 critical time minimum time required to reach the critical temperature 3.3 erosion factor extra thickness of passive fire protection required when comparing the results from a jet fire test with those from a furna
25、ce test on specimens with a similar section factor (e.g. 100 m 1 ) and period of fire resistance, the critical temperature or critical time or both TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 22899-2:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1 ISO/TR 22899-2:2013(E) 3.4 integrity ability of a fire barrier to prevent the tra
26、nsmission of flame, smoke, hot and toxic gases 3.5 section factor ratio of the area per unit length of steel exposed to fire divided by the volume per unit length of the section Note 1 to entry: The lower the section factor, the slower the rate of heat increase for a given volume of steel. See 9.2 f
27、or a more detailed explanation. 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms A Heated area per unit length (m 2 ) k 0 , k 1 , k 2 Coefficients of linear regression S f Section factor (m 1 ) t final Time (rounded to the nearest half minute) from jet ignition to final jet extinguish- ment. t resistance Period (rou
28、nded down to the nearest half minute) of fire resistance T ambient Average initial substrate temperature (C) T critical Critical temperature or critical temperature rise (C) T maximum Maximum temperature during test (C) T tolerance Tolerance (usually 5 C) on the allowed temperature rise V Volume per
29、 unit length (m 3 ) w Fire protection coating thickness (mm) 5 Principle The objective of the jet fire test is to establish the additional amount of passive fire protection material that needs to be applied to a structural member, valve, penetration sealing system, etc., in order to resist exposure
30、to a jet of ignited fuel, above and beyond that needed to satisfy the criteria of the ISO/TR 834- 3 hydrocarbon fire resistance test. This additional thickness of material, known as the erosion factor, is determined once for each similar element or construction, which may be added to the thickness o
31、f material determined for a similar range of such elements, when evaluated for fire resistance against the methods given in ISO/TR 834-3 using the principles provided below. The method provides an indication of how passive fire protection materials perform in a jet fire that may occur, for example,
32、in petrochemical installations where ignitable gases are stored at pressure. It aims to simulate the thermal and mechanical loads imparted to passive fire protection material by large- scale jet fires resulting from high-pressure releases of flammable gas, pressure liquefied gas or flashing liquid f
33、uels. Jet fires give rise to high convective and radiative heat fluxes as well as high erosive forces. To generate both types of heat flux in sufficient quantity, a 0,3 kg s 1sonic release of gas is aimed into a shallow chamber, producing a fireball with an extended tail. The flame thickness is ther
34、eby increased and hence so is the heat radiated to the test specimen. Propane is used as the fuel since it has a greater propensity to form soot than does natural gas and can therefore produce a flame of higher luminosity. High erosive forces are generated by release of the sonic velocity gas jet 1
35、m from specimen surface. The jet velocity is ca. 100 ms 1at 0,25 m from the back of the flame recirculation chamber (e.g. the front of the web of a structural-steel specimen) and ca. 60 ms 1at the back of the chamber. The average heat flux is 2 ISO 2013 All rights reserved ISO/TR 22899-2:2013(E) app
36、roximately 240 kW m 2and the maximum heat flux 300 kW m 2 . 1The heat fluxes are highest in the upper part of the chamber and lowest in the corners and at the jet impact zone. The combination of fuel, release rate and experimental arrangement is intended to apply a similar heat loading to the specim
37、ens as would be given by a 3 kg s 1natural gas (60 bar, 20 mm orifice) jet fire released 9 m (the distance for the most severe combination of erosive forces and heat transfer) from a target (seeClause 6). 6 Applicability of the test 6.1 General The background to the development and applicability of
38、the test is provided to give the basis for the principles of the test. 6.2 Jet fires The main sources of detailed information on the characteristics of jet fires are the reports on the two programmes of jet fire research co-funded by the European Community. These programmes studied single fuel natur
39、al gas and propane jet fires, 2and jet fires fuelled by mixtures of natural gas and butane. 34The results of large-scale experiments to study natural gas jet fires impacting onto a large flat surface have been published. 5The fuel release rates involved in these experiments ranged up to 12 kg s 1 ,
40、at release pressures of up to 60 bar. Measurements included the flame size and shape and thermal radiative properties, flame velocities and temperatures in some experiments, and in the impacting experiments, the total and radiative heat fluxes incident upon the target at different locations (using i
41、nstruments maintained at a nominally constant temperature of 60 C). Although a formal peer reviewed interpretation of the whole range of experimental data is not available, the basic information on the heat loading for different types of fire has been accepted by industry experts and summarized. 6Ge
42、neral observations are made here. Experiments involving jet fires impacting on a pipe or a vessel demonstrated that the heat fluxes incident upon the target varied considerably over the surface of the object, and also varied depending on how far the target was from the release point. Such variations
43、 can be caused by variations in the velocities of the gases passing over the object (influencing the convective component of heat flux) or the amount of thermal radiation incident upon different parts of the surface. Four different natural gas release types were studied in the initial EC-supported P
44、roject AA, 2with different pressures and release rates. The experiments covered flow rates from 2,5 to 8,5 kg s 1 , and pressures up to 60 bar. For this range of conditions, the maximum total heat fluxes were similar, typically 250 kW m 2 , increasing to 320 kW m 2for positions towards the end of th
45、e flame. However, there were significant detailed variations in the areas engulfed, and in the distribution of the heat fluxes and the balance between the radiative and convective components. Other experiments were carried out as part of that project involving two-phase propane releases, with flow r
46、ates in the range 2 to 12 kg s 1at discharge pressures of 20 bar. The fires generated were found to be more strongly radiative than the natural gas jet fires, but the heat fluxes incident upon a target had a lower convective component, the overall effect being to give lower maximum total heat fluxes
47、. A further series of experiments (all with a total flow rate of nominally 2,5 kg s 1 ) were carried out as part of the EC-supported Project JIVE 3,4with jet fires fuelled by mixtures of natural gas and butane. The aim was to investigate the balance between radiative and convective components and to
48、 identify whether a worst case existed for which the total heat fluxes were at a maximum. The results of these experiments showed that although the radiative properties of the fires increased with increasing butane concentration, the maximum total heat fluxes were in a similar range to the earlier P
49、roject AA 2natural gas and propane fire experiments. The EC-supported programmes generated experimental data for horizontal jet fires. Information is available for free vertical fires, and for natural gas fires impacting vertically onto a flat plate. 5The results show that although there are major variations in the distribution of incident heat fluxes, in ISO 2013 All rights reserved 3 ISO/TR 22899-2:2013(E) general the maximum values were no greater than the maximum values observe
