1、 Reference numberISO/TR 22134:2007(E)ISO 2007TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR22134First edition2007-04-01Practical guidelines for socioterminologyLignes directrices pratiques pour la socioterminologie ISO/TR 22134:2007(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes
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6、 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2007 All rights reservedISO/TR 22134:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Object
7、 of the document 3 5 Basic concepts of socioterminology 3 5.1 Socioterminology 3 5.2 Terminology planning 5 5.3 Technolect . 5 5.4 Neology 5 6 General principles in socioterminology . 5 6.1 General. 5 6.2 Objectives of terminology work 6 6.3 General terminology standardization principles . 7 6.4 Obj
8、ective and role of terminology standardization.7 6.5 Basic requirements of terminology standardization. 7 6.6 Contribution of socioterminology to standardization. 8 6.7 Harmonization of terms 9 6.8 Linguistic and terminological standards 10 6.9 Terminology standardization as an integral part of ling
9、uistic policies. 11 6.10 Socioterminology and localization . 12 6.11 Linguistic localization as an application of sociolinguistics . 13 7 Methodology principles 14 7.1 General. 14 7.2 Usage . 14 7.3 Terminology variation 15 7.4 Socioterminological acceptability. 15 Bibliography . 16 ISO/TR 22134:200
10、7(E) iv ISO 2007 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body i
11、nterested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechn
12、ical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by th
13、e technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is n
14、ormally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are c
15、onsidered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 22134 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37
16、, Terminology and other language and content resources, Subcommittee SC 1, Principles and methods. ISO/TR 22134:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved vIntroduction Terminology standardization has always been the prerogative of experts in terminology, the latter dealing exclusively with technolects. I
17、n this context, the principles, method and vocabularies drawn up by terminologists are not always suitable for the speakers communities which are heterogeneous. This situation does not lend itself to permitting mutual understanding between these linguistic communities. Socioterminology which is link
18、ed to localization facilitates communication between different socioprofessional groups. It studies terminologies, placing them within the social context where the concepts appear, are defined and are named. It unites the specialized concepts with a community of speakers. In this way, socioterminolo
19、gy enables terminological practices to be adapted to the target languages and linguistic communities addressed by the linguistic work. The drafting of practical guidelines for socioterminology is an attempt to match what is said and what is done in the daily life of speakers. Although the methodolog
20、ical principles drawn up by planning terminologists seem to have a relatively universal spread, the ensuing practices on the other hand shall be adapted to the targeted linguistic communities. It is in this context that this Technical Report will be used for the interpretation and usage of the other
21、 TC 37 documents within the perspective of cultural and linguistic diversity and, therefore, within the meaning of terminology planning practice on the world scale. This Technical Report will also be used as a basis for future work within TC 37/SC 1. In 2007, this subcommittee intends to undertake t
22、he preparation of a series of practical guidelines derived from ISO 704 and ISO 860 in order to facilitate the implementation of these International Standards in the terminology practice. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 22134:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 1Practical guidelines for socioterminology 1
23、Scope This Technical Report proposes guidelines for socioterminology principles, methods and vocabularies. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, t
24、he latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 1087-1:2000, Terminology work Vocabulary Part 1: Theory and application 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1087-1 and the following apply. 3.1 language
25、planning any intervention of a national, international or social body aiming at the definition of the functions or the status of one or more concurrent languages in a territory, or aiming at the standardization or instrumentalization of one or more languages so that these languages can fulfil their
26、assigned functions in the frame of a predetermined linguistic policy NOTE Language planning can include status planning as well as corpus planning. 3.2 terminology planning activity aimed at developing, improving, disseminating and implementing the terminology of a subject field NOTE Terminology pla
27、nning involves all aspects of terminology work and has among other objectives that of achieving vocabulary control through such normative documents as thesauri and terminology standards. ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.6.4 3.3 subject field domain field of special knowledge NOTE The borderlines of a subject fiel
28、d are defined from a purpose-related point of view. ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.1.2 ISO/TR 22134:2007(E) 2 ISO 2007 All rights reserved3.4 concept harmonization activity for reducing or eliminating minor differences between two or more concepts which are already closely related to each other NOTE Concept har
29、monization is an integral part of standardization. ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.6.5 3.5 term harmonization activity leading to the designation of one concept in different languages by terms which reflect the same or similar characteristics or have the same or slightly different forms ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.6.6 3.
30、6 special language language for special purposes LSP technolect language used in a subject field and characterized by the use of specific linguistic means of expression NOTE The specific linguistic means of expression always include subject-specific terminology and phraseology and may also cover sty
31、listic or syntactic features. ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.1.3 3.7 localization adaptation of a product or communication to a community of speakers with respect to cultural, linguistic, legal, political and technological factors 3.8 neologism new term coined for a given concept NOTE Although neoterms sometime
32、s rename established concepts, they usually name new concepts. ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.4.7 3.9 terminology standardization establishment of terminology standards or of terminology sections in technical standards, and their approval by an authoritative body ISO 1087-1:1990, 8.3 3.10 linguistic policy any
33、kind of decision made by a state, a government or a recognized or authorized organization, aiming at the orientation of the utilization of one or more languages in a virtual or real territory NOTE A linguistic policy stands at the level of the determination of objectives. The fields of intervention
34、of linguistic policies are various and may cover any category of activities of a society. ISO/TR 22134:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 33.11 socioterminology approach of terminology work based on the sociological, cultural and sociolinguistic characteristics of a linguistic community, aiming at
35、 the study and the development of its technolects in accordance with those characteristics 3.12 terminology work work concerned with the systematic collection, description, processing and presentation of concepts and their designations ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.6.1 4 Object of the document The ultimate obj
36、ect of this Technical Report is to provide methodological guidelines for the interpretation and use of other TC 37 documents within the perspective of cultural and linguistic diversity. It aims to establish a system of concepts applicable to terminology work in the sociolinguistical context and to r
37、einforce the social character of terminology. In the short term, it provides the necessary foundations to implement these methodological orientations. This Technical Report aims to meet the requirements of the linguistic market which oscillates between the localization pole and the intercomprehensio
38、n pole and to lead to a new concept of standardization and terminology harmonization that takes account of social linguistics. Three sections make up the framework of this Technical Report; they are basic concepts, general principles, methodological principles of socioterminology. 5 Basic concepts o
39、f socioterminology 5.1 Socioterminology 5.1.1 General In socioterminology, everything that is spoken, even in scientific and technical fields, constitutes an act of language. Every act of language is based on a mode of perception, on a mode of appropriation and on a mode of expression of the actual
40、situation, all of which include cultural and sociolinguistic characteristics. Socioterminology (3.11) was born from a quite precise need to unite specialized concepts to a community of speakers. It is concerned with the dissemination of terms and their development and perceives the scientific and te
41、chnical term from a purely communicational viewpoint, in contrast to the normative attitude, which favours a conceptual viewpoint. Socioterminology does not renounce to important acquired knowledge of theorization and practical know-how, but seeks to link all that to use analysis in technolectal dis
42、course of the target group. Thus, the socioterminological approach provides the drive to revise or to readjust the concept of the field, and the role and actions of the expert (Gambier,1994/1995: 106 6). Socioterminology takes a diachronic approach, whereas standardization follows a more synchronic
43、approach. Indeed, socioterminology incorporates the dimension of diachromy, i.e. the evolution of linguistic facts in the study of vocabularies, by considering that the terms concentrate accumulated knowledge and reflect the dominant concepts of the experts, whereas terminology standardization can o
44、nly be conceived of synchronously, i.e. according to a set of linguistic facts regarded as forming a functional system, at a specific moment in the evolution of a language. ISO/TR 22134:2007(E) 4 ISO 2007 All rights reservedIn this regard, socioterminology makes it possible to humanize terminology s
45、tandardization as conceived at the time, i.e. with rules and strict criteria to be followed. As a discipline, socioterminology is more open in that it takes account of human elements. It mirrors man in his sociolinguistic, cultural and socio-economic concerns and illustrates his everyday life. Thus,
46、 socioterminology, as a practice, starts with the analysis of specialized discourse, whether written or spoken. It makes it necessary to construct textual corpuses corresponding to the various scientific, technical and professional communication situations. These corpuses are then analysed in order
47、to extract from them the terminologies in use, as well as all the terminological data and terminological material used for terminology work. A corpus is built up continuously nowadays, in order to have permanent access to an updated collection of data. A well-constructed corpus shall comprise the fo
48、llowing characteristics: actuality of the texts, representativeness of the communities of the speakers of the technolect under study and relative exhaustivity1). This approach can be combined with the other methodological approaches in terminology: textual approach and the traditional conceptual app
49、roach, which are well documented particularly in ISO 704. 5.1.2 Methodological approaches of terminology 5.1.2.1 The cognitive or conceptual approach This approach to terminology is the one that underlies ISO 704 that recommends the preparation of terminology on the basis of the analysis of concepts and their structuring in coherent sets that give an account of the knowledge in a field of experimentation. This approach specifically uses analysis grids of categories and sub-categories of concepts made up of elements such as en
