1、 ISO 2016 Plastics Parameters comparing the spectral irradiance of a laboratory light source for weathering applications to a reference solar spectral irradiance Plastiques Paramtres de comparaison de la distribution spectrale dune source de lumire de laboratoire pour les applications de vieillissem
2、ent et dune distribution spectrale solaire de rfrence TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 18486 Reference number ISO/TR 18486:2016(E) First edition 2016-02-01 ISO/TR 18486:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise
3、 specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
4、 or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org ISO/TR 18486:2016(E)Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 T erms and definitions . 1 3
5、 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 1 4 Significanc e 1 5 Requirements 2 6 Calculation methods . 2 6.1 Characterizing parameter for a wavelength range 2 6.1.1 Choice of the wavelength range 2 6.1.2 Scaling condition 2 6.1.3 Characterizing parameter f 1-2for a wavelength range 3 6.2 Characterizing param
6、eter for a known action spectrum . 3 6.2.1 Choice of the wavelength range with action spectrum . 3 6.2.2 Scaling condition with action spectrum 4 6.2.3 Characterizing parameter f s()1-s()2with action spectrum 4 Annex A (informative) Examples for parameters of some commercially available solar simula
7、tors 5 Bibliography 7 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iii Contents Page ISO/TR 18486:2016(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried ou
8、t through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO co
9、llaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different app
10、roval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the
11、 subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any
12、 trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in t
13、he Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information. The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 6, Ageing, chemical and environmental resistance.iv ISO 2016 All rights reserved ISO/TR 18486:2016(E) Introduction Lab
14、oratory radiation sources generate radiation which is intended to simulate a defined reference sun“ as perfect as possible, where the fitting to the spectral irradiance in the materials sensitive range is most important. So far, the fitting is described verbally only, e.g. standards concerning artif
15、icial weathering, and the user has to decide for himself if the spectral irradiance E() indicated by the producer of the laboratory radiation source agrees suitable enough with the reference sun“ for his specific application or, occasionally, the classification describes the fitting to a wanted refe
16、rence sun“ only insufficiently (e.g. for standard weathering tests). This Technical Report deals with a procedure for the determination of objective factors characterizing the grade of fitting in quantity. One procedure describes the grade of fitting of a laboratory radiation source to the defined r
17、eference sun for specific spectral ranges. A second procedure results in characterizing parameters for the respective wavelength ranges, incorporating known action spectra. ISO 2016 All rights reserved v Plastics Parameters comparing the spectral irradiance of a laboratory light source for weatherin
18、g applications to a reference solar spectral irradiance 1 Scope This Technical Report specifies a calculation method which allows calculating a parameter which compares the spectral irradiance of a laboratory radiation source for weathering application to a reference solar spectral irradiance. 2 T e
19、rms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 spectral irradiance E radiant flux per unit area per wavelength interval Note 1 to entry: It is measured in watts per square metre per nanometre (W m 2 nm 1 ). 2.2 action spectrum description of t
20、he spectral efficiency of radiation to produce a particular polymer response (specific property change of a specific polymer) plotted as a function of the wavelength of the radiation Note 1 to entry: Data of an action spectrum are specific to the polymer but independent from the radiation source, al
21、so named spectral sensitivity. 3 Symbols and abbreviated terms E() ref. spectral irradiance of reference sun (W m 2 nm 1 ) E() source spectral irradiance of laboratory radiation source (W m 2 nm 1 ) E() scaled scaled spectral irradiance of laboratory radiation source (W m 2 nm 1 ) s() action spectru
22、m 4 Sig nificanc e Not for all applications of simulated solar radiation (laboratory radiation source) the total sun spectrum is needed. For economic reasons, therefore, it is advisable to simulate only that spectral range being of importance for the respective process or in cases of application whe
23、re the objects heating has to be observed in close limits, e.g. with biological objects. In this case, both VIS and IR radiation have to be eliminated to a great extent (see Table 1). TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 18486:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1 ISO/TR 18486:2016(E) Table 1 Compilation of lab
24、oratory radiation sources for different spectral ranges and examples for their applications Solar simulators for Examples for application UV (A+B) photochemistry, photo dermatology UV-A photo dermatology, testing of polymeric material UV + VIS testing of polymeric materials UV + VIS + IR testing of
25、technical materials or components including thermal stress VIS + IR thermal stress of the object, in most cases without photochemistry Due to the many technical types of laboratory radiation sources, no general characteristics for comparing the spectral irradiance to the reference solar radiation ca
26、n be given. It is only possible to indicate the comparison for a given wavelength range or for a certain application whose action spectrum is known. 5 Requirements Historically, CIE 85:1989, Table 4 9has been used as the benchmark reference spectrum distribution for weathering applications. However,
27、 CIE 85 9 , which was published in 1989, has several disadvantages: global solar spectral energy distribution starts at 305 nm, the increments are rather rough and the calculation code is no longer available. Therefore, reference spectral irradiance should be used which are calculated with the SMART
28、S2 model 10(e.g. ISO/TR 17801, ASTM G177). For the calculations, a spectral resolution of 1 nm is required. NOTE CIE is currently revising CIE 85 9to provide a reference spectrum in the necessary 1 nm resolution. The spectral irradiance of the solar simulator E() sourceor the scaled laboratory radia
29、tion source spectrum E() scaledis required with a spectral resolution of 1 nm. 6 Calculation methods 6.1 Characterizing parameter for a wavelength range 6.1.1 Choice of the wavelength range A wavelength range of 1 2for the characterizing fitting should be selected. The wavelength range should be lar
30、ger than 10 nm. NOTE Table 1 shows examples of relevant wavelength ranges. 6.1.2 Scaling condition The spectral irradiance of the laboratory radiation source E() sourceis scaled according to the reference sun distribution E() ref. , in the chosen wavelength range (for example, see Figure 1). Swap eq
31、uation terms. . (1)2 ISO 2016 All rights reserved ISO/TR 18486:2016(E) Key 1 reference sun E() ref. 2 laboratory radiation source E() source 3 scaled laboratory radiation source E() scaledaccording to 6.1.2 X wavelength in nm Y spectral irradiance (au) Figure 1 Example for scaling according to 6.1.2
32、 6.1.3 Characterizing parameter f 1-2for a wavelength range The characterizing parameter f 1-2for the wavelength range 1 2is calculated by Formula (2): . .(2) NOTE For an ideal fitting of E() to a reference sun, the parameter f reads f = 0. The higher the number, the worse is the fitting. 6.2 Charac
33、terizing parameter for a known action spectrum 6.2.1 Choice of the wavelength range with action spectrum A wavelength range of 1 2for the characterizing fitting should be selected. For the selected wavelength range, the action spectrum should be known in the spectral resolution of 1 nm. ISO 2016 All
34、 rights reserved 3 ISO/TR 18486:2016(E) 6.2.2 Scaling condition with action spectrum In case the action spectrum s() for the photochemical process to be tested is known, the scaling conditions is (for example, see Figure 2) as given in Formula (3): . (3) Key 1 reference sun E() ref.multiplied by s()
35、 2 laboratory radiation source E() sourcemultiplied by s() 3 scaled laboratory radiation source E() scaledmultiplied by s() according to 6.2.2 X wavelength in nm Y spectral photochemical irradiance (au) Figure 2 Example for scaling according to 6.2.2 6.2.3 Characterizing parameter f s()1-s()2with ac
36、tion spectrum A characterizing parameter f s()1-s()2for the significant wavelength range 1 2for a photochemical process characterized by an action spectrum s()is calculated by Formula (4): . . (4) NOTE For an ideal fitting of E() to a reference sun, the parameter f reads f = 0. The higher the number
37、, the worse is the fitting. If the parameter f s()for a photochemical process is characterized by an action spectrum s(), it makes sense to integrate over the entire active wavelength range. In this case, the parameter should be named f s .4 ISO 2016 All rights reserved ISO/TR 18486:2016(E) Annex A
38、(informative) Examples for parameters of some commercially available solar simulators Laboratory testing of materials with the simultaneous and cyclic stress factors of natural solar radiation, sample temperature and rain/humidity (weathering) is usually carried out in accordance with standard test
39、methods. The applied standards (e.g. ISO 4892-1, ISO 4892-2, ISO 4892-3 and ISO 4892-4) contain a “reference spectrum” for natural solar radiation. The CIE 85:1989, Table 4 9has been used for this for more than 20 years. A recalculation of this reference spectrum with SMART2 10was suggested in 2008.
40、 11Another spectrum of a reference sun for weathering calculated with SMART2 9is available in the ASTM G177. The recalculation of CIE 85, Table 4 as Reference 11 is used as an example for laboratory weathering material testing (see Figure A.1). Examples of calculated parameters according to the meth
41、ods described in 6.1.2 and 6.1.3 are shown in Table A.1. The lower the characteristic factor, the better the fitting to the reference sun is. The best fitting for the entire UV wavelength range is obtained for filtered xenon radiation and in the range below 360 nm for the fluorescent lamp UV 340, wh
42、ereby the quality of the fitting for xenon radiation depends on the selected filtering. This is important because the weathering test result depends on the interaction of three critical factors: irradiance (and the quality of the selected fitting for the wavelength range of interest), temperature an
43、d moisture (in the form of humidity, condensation and/or water spray) The variation range of the characteristic factor for filtered xenon radiation specified in Table A.1 approximately corresponds to the tolerance range of the xenon spectral irradiance in common laboratory weathering standards (for
44、example, ISO 4892-2 and ISO 16474-2) for simulated daylight. Key 1 with SMART2 recalculated CIE No. 85, Table 4 11 2 original data from CIE No. 85, Table 4 9 X wavelength in nm Y irradiance in Wm 2 nm -1 Figure A.1 Reference global solar UV spectral irradiance recalculated CIE 85, Table 4 11and glob
45、al solar spectral irradiance according CIE No. 85, Table 4 9 ISO 2016 All rights reserved 5 ISO/TR 18486:2016(E) T a b l e A . 1 C a l c u l a t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f a c t o r s d e s c r i b i n g t h e g r a d e o f f i t t i n g t h e s p e c t r a l irradiance of different laborator
46、y radiation source to the recalculated CIE No.85, Table 4 11reference sun Wavelength range (nm) Sources applied in weathering Filtered xenon Fluorescent UVA340 Carbon arc 290 to 319 8 to 40 8 to 17 58 320 to 339 9 to 20 8 to 9 15 340 to 359 7 to 11 9 to 11 36 360 to 400 15 to 18 55 to 77 436 ISO 201
47、6 All rights reserved ISO/TR 18486:2016(E) Bibliography 1 DIN 5031-11, Optical radiation physics and illuminating engineering Part 11: Radiometer for measuring actinic radiant quantities Terms, characteristics and their classification 2 ISO 4892-1, Plastics Methods of exposure to laboratory light so
48、urces Part 1: General guidance 3 ISO 4892-2, Plastics Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources Part 2: Xenon-arc lamps 4 ISO 4892-3, Plastics Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources Part 3: Fluorescent UV lamps 5 ISO 4892-4, Plastics Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources Part 4: Open-flame carbon-arc lamps 6 ISO 16474-2, Paints and varnishes Metho
