1、 ISO 2017 Nanotechnologies Plain language explanation of selected terms from the ISO/IEC 80004 series Nanotechnologies Explication en langage simple des termes choisis de la srie de normes ISO/IEC 80004 TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 18401 Reference number ISO/TR 18401:2017(E) First edition 2017-06 ISO/TR
2、18401:2017(E)ii ISO 2017 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy
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4、 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org ISO/TR 18401:2017(E)Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Terms and explanations 4 4.1 Nanoscale, nanoscale phenomenon 4 4.2 Nanotechnology . 6 4.3 Nanomaterials . 6 4.3.1 General 6 4.3.
5、2 Nano-objects 7 4.3.3 Nano-objects, agglomerates and aggregates . 9 4.3.4 Nano-enabled, nano-enhanced .10 4.4 Nanocomposites .11 4.5 Nanolayers, nanocoatings and nanofilms .12 Bibliography .13 ISO 2017 All rights reserved iii Contents Page ISO/TR 18401:2017(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organi
6、zation for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been establishe
7、d has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
8、The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
9、 editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any pa
10、tent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement
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12、w w w . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html. This document was prepared by ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies.iv ISO 2017 All rights reserved ISO/TR 18401:2017(E) Introduction The increasing use of nanomaterials in industry and society means that their utility, risks and benefits throughout their life-cycle a
13、re important topics for discussion. This document offers explanations (including examples) of selected nanotechnology terms and is intended to facilitate an understanding of the use and applications of nanotechnology. Its target audience is those who need to make decisions about the use of nanotechn
14、ology. The specific aim is to: a) promote consistent usage and reduce misinterpretation of terms among users; and b) facilitate communication and understanding in developing or commercializing applications of nanotechnologies. This document contains selected key terms and provides definitions and ex
15、planations to aid understanding and illustrate, where applicable, the relationship between one term and another, using practical examples where possible. For ease of reference the ISO definitions are repeated throughout the document as appropriate. Explanations and examples are chosen to underpin th
16、e selected terms published in the ISO/IEC 80004 vocabulary series. Where new understanding develops, then the tools used to communicate such knowledge will benefit from the constant review and revision of key terms as necessary. New terms can find common usage which are not yet in the ISO/IEC 80004
17、vocabulary series. Such terms can be synonymous with terms and definitions already found in existing ISO documents. ISO 2017 All rights reserved v Nanotechnologies Plain language explanation of selected terms from the ISO/IEC 80004 series 1 Scope This document is intended to assist stakeholders who
18、are making decisions about the direction, management and application of nanotechnologies to better understand selected key terms and definitions in the ISO/IEC 80004 vocabulary series for nanotechnologies. 2 Normative references The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that
19、some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/TS 80004-1, Nanotechnologies Vocabulary Part 1: Core terms ISO/T
20、S 80004-2, Nanotechnologies Vocabulary Part 2: Nano-objects ISO/TS 80004-4, Nanotechnologies Vocabulary Part 4: Nanostructured materials ISO/TS 80004-11, Nanotechnologies Vocabulary Part 11: Nanolayer, nanocoating, nanofilm, and related terms 3 T erms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of this docum
21、ent, the terms and definitions given in ISO/TS 80004-1, ISO/TS 80004-2, ISO/TS 80004-4 and ISO/TS 80004-11 and the following apply. ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: ISO Online browsing platform: available at h t t p :/ www .iso .org
22、/ obp IEC Electropedia: available at h t t p :/ www .electropedia .org/ 3.1 nanoscale length range approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm Note 1 to entry: Properties that are not extrapolations from larger sizes are predominantly exhibited in this length range. SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.1 3.2 nanosc
23、ale phenomenon effect attributable to the presence of nano-objects or nanoscale regions SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.13 TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 18401:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 1 ISO/TR 18401:2017(E) 3.3 nanotechnology application of scientific knowledge to manipulate and control matter
24、predominantly in the nanoscale to make use of size- and structure-dependent properties and phenomena distinct from those associated with individual atoms or molecules, or extrapolation from larger sizes of the same material Note 1 to entry: Manipulation and control includes material synthesis. SOURC
25、E: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.3 3.4 nanomaterial material with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having an internal structure or surface structure in the nanoscale Note 1 to entry: This generic term is inclusive of nano-object and nanostructured material. SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.4, modif
26、ied 3.5 manufactured nanomaterial nanomaterial intentionally produced to have selected properties or composition SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.9 3.6 nano-object discrete piece of material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale Note 1 to entry: The second and third external dime
27、nsions are orthogonal to the first dimension and to each other. SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.5 3.7 nanoparticle nano-object with all external dimensions in the nanoscale where the lengths of the longest and the shortest axes of the nano-object do not differ significantly Note 1 to entry: If the di
28、mensions differ significantly (typically by more than 3 times), terms such as nanofibre or nanoplate may be preferred to the term nanoparticle. SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 4.4 3.8 agglomerate collection of weakly or medium strongly bound particles where the resulting external surface area is simila
29、r to the sum of the surface areas of the individual components Note 1 to entry: The forces holding an agglomerate together are weak forces, for example van der Waals forces or simple physical entanglement. Note 2 to entry: Agglomerates are also termed secondary particles and the original source part
30、icles are termed primary particles. SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 3.42 ISO 2017 All rights reserved ISO/TR 18401:2017(E) 3.9 aggregate particle comprising strongly bonded or fused particles where the resulting external surface area is significantly smaller than the sum of surface areas of the individ
31、ual components Note 1 to entry: The forces holding an aggregate together are strong forces, for example covalent or ionic bonds, or those resulting from sintering or complex physical entanglement, or otherwise combined former primary particles. Note 2 to entry: Aggregates are also termed secondary p
32、articles and the original source particles are termed primary particles. SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 3.5 3.10 nano-enabled exhibiting function or performance only possible with nanotechnology SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.15 3.11 nano-enhanced exhibiting function or performance intensified or impr
33、oved by nanotechnology SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.16 3.12 nanocomposite solid comprising a mixture of two or more phase-separated materials, one or more being nanophase Note 1 to entry: Gaseous nanophases are excluded (they are covered by nanoporous material). Note 2 to entry: Materials with nan
34、oscale phases formed by precipitation alone are not considered to be nanocomposite materials. SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-4:2011, 3.2 3.13 nanophase physically or chemically distinct region or collective term for physically distinct regions of the same kind in a material with the discrete regions having on
35、e, two or three dimensions in the nanoscale Note 1 to entry: Nano-objects embedded in another phase constitute a nanophase. SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-4:2011, 2.12 3.14 nanolayer layer of material with thickness in the nanoscale SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-11:2017, 3.2.1 3.15 nanocoating coating with thickness i
36、n the nanoscale SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-11:2017, 3.2.2 3.16 nan o f ilm film with thickness in the nanoscale Note 1 to entry: A nanofilm is a nanolayer which can be freestanding. ISO 2017 All rights reserved 3 ISO/TR 18401:2017(E) Note 2 to entry: A nanofilm can be made of solids or liquids (e.g. liqui
37、d film). Note 3 to entry: A nanofilm can be composed of a monomolecular layer (e.g. Langmuir-Blodgett film). SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-11:2017, 3.2.3 4 Terms and explanations NOTE The order of explanations is such that the descriptions build on the previous descriptions to aid understanding rather than t
38、o suggest any hierarchy. 4.1 Nanoscale, nanoscale phenomenon ISO definitions: nanoscale length range approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm Note 1 to entry: Properties that are not extrapolations from larger sizes are predominantly exhibited in this length range SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.1 nanoscale
39、 phenomenon effect attributable to the presence of nano-objects or nanoscale regions SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.13 “Nanoscale” is an agreed descriptor principally referring to the size range 1 nm to 100 nm, where 1 nm is 10 9m (0,000000001 m). To appreciate the relative size of the nanoscale dim
40、ension, Figure 1 illustrates the ratio of 1 m to 1 nm as approximately the same as between planet Earth and a cherry. Atoms are in the size range 0,1 nm to 0,4 nm and DNA is approximately 2 nm in width. Figure 1 Comparative size of 1 nm The range 1 nm to 100 nm is where changes in properties ascribe
41、d to materials in the nanoscale are likely to be observed. These changes can occur either because of the increased surface area when an object is reduced into the nanoscale or because the confined size enables different physical and chemical phenomena to occur. Thus Figure 2 illustrates how the surf
42、ace area increases when an individual object is split into an assembly of smaller objects.4 ISO 2017 All rights reserved ISO/TR 18401:2017(E) Total surface area 6 cm 2 Total surface area 60 cm 2 All 1 mm cubes Total surface area 60 000 000 cm 2 All 1 nm cubes Figure 2 Increasing surface area by incr
43、easing division Materials in the nanoscale can exhibit properties with new or enhanced characteristics. The properties that can change at the nanoscale might include: optical (e.g. colour) mechanical (e.g. tensile strength) chemical (e.g. catalysis) electrical (e.g. conductivity). EXAMPLE 1 Gold nan
44、oparticles can appear red, green or purple, depending on their size, because they interact with electromagnetic radiation (e.g. visible light) differently compared to larger non-nanoscale gold particles, which appear yellow. These properties of gold have been historically used in stained-glassed win
45、dows, which demonstrates that people have been working at the nanoscale for a long time without realizing it. EXAMPLE 2 Quantum dots (QD) are nanoscale semi-conductor particles that emit light under certain conditions and can be used to create thin displays, such as on televisions and computer/smart
46、 phone screens, that are vivid and energy efficient. EXAMPLE 3 The mechanical strength of steel or rubber tyres can be increased many fold by dispersing nano- objects during manufacture. EXAMPLE 4 Batteries, fuel cells and catalysts can use the enhanced reactivity associated with nanoparticles to pr
47、oduce cleaner, safer, and more affordable modes of producing and storing energy and more efficient process reactions. EXAMPLE 5 To improve cooling of computer chips and LEDs, carbon nanotubes are being incorporated into composites to enhance their electrical and thermal conductivity. EXAMPLE 6 Drug
48、treatments have been developed to take advantage of the fact that the structure of many biological systems is determined by their nanoscale elements. A typical antibody is approximately 10 nm, while viruses range from approximately 10 nm to 400 nm. The new or enhanced properties attributable to the
49、nanoscale are described as “nanoscale phenomena”. ISO 2017 All rights reserved 5 ISO/TR 18401:2017(E) 4.2 Nanotechnology ISO definition: nanotechnology application of scientific knowledge to manipulate and control matter predominantly in the nanoscale to make use of size- and structure-dependent properties and phenomena distinct from those associated with individual atoms or molecules, or extrapolation from larger sizes of the same material Note 1 to entry Manipulation and con
