1、 Reference number ISO/TR 17252:2008(E) ISO 2008TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 17252 First edition 2008-12-15 Fire tests Applicability of reaction to fire tests to fire modelling and fire safety engineering Essais au feu Applicabilit des rsultats de lessai de raction au feu aux techniques de modlisation et
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5、l Secretariat at the address given below. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2008 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission i
6、n writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2008 All rights reservedISO/
7、TR 17252:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions .1 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms 1 5 Fire initiation and growth2 5.1 Design fires and design fire scenarios2 5.2 Sensitivity analysis in the design
8、process .4 5.3 Limits of applicability 5 6 Sources of data for input into design5 7 Application of test results.5 7.1 Repeatability and reproducibility.5 7.2 Heat flux measurements .5 7.3 Limiting factors affecting experimental quantification of fire growth5 7.4 Differences between testing condition
9、s and real fire scenarios 7 8 Product family behaviours7 Annex A (informative) Review of fire test International Standards8 Bibliography 50 ISO/TR 17252:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national stan
10、dards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International org
11、anizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given
12、 in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75
13、 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating m
14、embers to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject o
15、f patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 17252 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fire initiation and growth. ISO/TR 17252:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved v Introduction There is a curren
16、t trend towards performance-based approaches in national building regulations. This trend has seen rapid advancement internationally in the development of fire safety engineering (FSE). This has been supported by the application of fire modelling over the last five years, as marked by the publicatio
17、n of ISO/TR 13387-1, ISO/TR 13387-2, ISO/TR 13387-3, ISO/TR 13387-4, ISO/TR 13387-5, ISO/TR 13387-6, ISO/TR 13387-7 and ISO/TR 13387-8. The development of ISO/TR 13387-1, ISO/TR 13387-2, ISO/TR 13387-3, ISO/TR 13387-4, ISO/TR 13387-5, ISO/TR 13387-6, ISO/TR 13387-7 and ISO/TR 13387-8, as well as act
18、ivities carried out nationally, have clearly identified that there are inconsistencies between the requirements of FSE (including the application of fire modelling) and the data reported from standard tests and ad hoc experiments. This Technical Report is intended to assist in the development of an
19、internationally consistent approach to the support of FSE by giving guidance on appropriate fire test methods that, where possible, have the primary function of fire safety regulations for the use of construction products. It examines all of the current reaction to fire test methods and provides inf
20、ormation to support the use of the data that the tests provide for FSE and fire modelling. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 17252:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 1 Fire tests Applicability of reaction to fire tests to fire modelling and fire safety engineering 1 Scope This Technical Report gives guideli
21、nes on the applicability of the current reaction to fire tests to fire safety engineering (FSE) and fire modelling. It also gives general guidance on the type of data needed for FSE calculations and fire modelling. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the a
22、pplication of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 13943, Fire safety Vocabulary 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and defi
23、nitions given in ISO 13943 and the following apply. 3.1 design fire quantitative description of assumed fire characteristics within the design fire scenario 3.2 design fire scenario specific fire scenario on which an analysis will be conducted 3.3 fire scenario qualitative description of the course
24、of a fire with time, identifying key events that characterize the fire and differentiate it from other possible fires 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms FSE Fire safety engineering Q is the heat release rate (MW) Q 0is the reference heat release rate, often taken to be 1 MW t gis the characteristic tim
25、e to reach heat release rate, Q 0(s) ISO/TR 17252:2008(E) 2 ISO 2008 All rights reserved5 Fire initiation and growth 5.1 Design fires and design fire scenarios 5.1.1 Background 5.1.1.1 Design fire scenarios are at the core of the FSE methodology described in all parts of ISO/TR 13387. An additional
26、series of International Standards, ISO 16734, ISO 16736, ISO 16737 and ISO TS 16732, extend and implement these concepts. The methodology is based upon analysing particular design fire scenarios and then drawing inferences from the results with regard to the adequacy of the proposed fire safety syst
27、em to meet the performance criteria that have been defined. Identification of the appropriate scenarios requiring analysis is crucial to the fulfilment of fire safety performance objectives for buildings. The characterization of a design fire scenario for analysis purposes should involve a descripti
28、on of such things as fire initiation, growth and extinction of fire, together with the likely smoke and fire spread routes under a defined set of conditions. This might include consideration of such conditions as diverse combinations of outcomes or events of different fire safety subsystems see ISO/
29、TR 13387 (all parts), different internal ventilation conditions and different external environmental conditions. The consequences of each design fire scenario need to be considered. It is important to realize that smouldering fires may have the potential to cause a large number of fatalities in cert
30、ain occupancies such as residential buildings. 5.1.1.2 Examples of typical design fire scenarios include: room fire (corner, ceiling, wall, floor); fire in stairwells; single burning item fire (furniture, wastepaper basket, fittings); developing fire (smoke extraction); cable tray or duct fire; roof
31、 fire (underside); cavity fire (wall, faade, plenum); fire in underground transportation system; arson: 1) internal, 2) external; fire in neighbouring building; fire in external fuel package(s); fire on roof; fire on faade; subterranean fire; ISO/TR 17252:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 3 fores
32、t fire or wildfire; fire in tunnel(s). 5.1.1.3 Following identification of the relevant design fire scenarios, it is necessary to describe the assumed characteristics of the fire on which the design will be based. These fire characteristics are defined as the design fire and usually require quantifi
33、cation of the following variables with respect to time: heat release rate HRR (peak, mean, etc.); toxic species production rate; smoke production rate (SPR); fire size (including flame length); time to key events such as flashover; other factors such as temperature, emissivity and location. 5.1.1.4
34、The fire characteristics listed above are influenced by a number of factors, which include: internal ventilation conditions (e.g. building air handling system); external environmental conditions; type, size and location(s) of ignition source; distribution and type(s) of fuel; fire load density; geom
35、etry of enclosure; ignitability of fuel; rate of heat release characteristics; ventilation status of doors and/or windows (open or closed); external heat flux; exposed surface area. Additionally, events can modify the design fire and these are typically accounted for in an FSE approach to design. Fo
36、r example, the breakage of a window will alter the ventilation conditions and will influence the design fire. The incorporation of active fire protection measures into a design will also impact upon the design fire. It is therefore important that the effects of suppression systems, smoke control sys
37、tems and intervention by the fire service be considered when appropriate. 5.1.2 Design fire types For design purposes, an exponential or power-law rate of fire growth is often used. The most commonly used relationship is the t-squared fire growth rate given by Equation (1): () 2 0g / QQtt = (1) ISO/
38、TR 17252:2008(E) 4 ISO 2008 All rights reservedwhere the growth time, t g , is the time to reach heat release rate, Q 0 . In addition, when the fuel package for a particular design fire scenario is well defined and unlikely to change significantly during the life of the building, the actual burning
39、characteristics of the fuel package can be used as the design fire. In such cases, oxygen consumption calorimetry, for example ISO 9705, is useful for providing quantitative data. In some cases, it is now possible to predict the fire growth behaviour using calculation and modelling methods. For such
40、 approaches, the validation and verification of the approach will be an important consideration and will be very dependent upon the quality and reliability of the input data, whether it is generated from test methods or material data. The concept of the reference scenario is not particularly new, bu
41、t has gained prominence recently with the new developments within Europe. A reference scenario is basically intended to be representative of the application of products in buildings on an experimental scale. It should be representative of a specific hazard scenario and as such, needs to be fully def
42、ined in terms of the physical geometry of the space, the properties of the boundaries, the locations of openings and the fire source. Products can be performance tested within an appropriate reference scenario and in some cases, it could be argued that this type of test is the only means of producin
43、g reliable performance data. Examples of reference scenarios include the room corner test, a faade test, a horizontal duct test, a stairwell test and a roof test. 5.2 Sensitivity analysis in the design process 5.2.1 The design fire characteristics will have a major impact upon many aspects of the de
44、sign since they form the input into many of the deterministic quantitative design calculations carried out in FSE design. A sensitivity analysis can be defined as the calculation of changes in outputs for variations in an input parameter of interest. It may be possible to deal with the uncertainties
45、 associated with the deterministic design by taking a conservative approach. However, the judgement of conservatism is very subjective. A worst-case design fire in terms of maximum size or growth rate will typically also be the worst case for: effect of smoke control system; effect of suppression sy
46、stems on fire growth; time to structural failure; time and extent of fire spread within and from enclosure; fire service extinguishing capacity. 5.2.2 However, the same design fire may represent the best-case test for: time of activation of alarm system; time of activation of smoke control systems;
47、time of activation of smoke and fire barriers; time of activation of suppression systems. A sensitivity study should, therefore, be carried out on the consequences of the choice of design fire on the different parts of the quantitative assessment. The objective of a sensitivity study is to establish
48、 the impact on the output parameter(s) caused by variation(s) in the input parameter(s); it is not intended to check the accuracy of the results. If a single assumption is shown to be critical to the design and potentially the level of safety, consideration should be given to providing a degree of r
49、edundancy in the design or to carrying out a probabilistic study. ISO/TR 17252:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 5 5.3 Limits of applicability Empirically-based calculation methods and other types of approach to FSE design are generally assumed to be adequate provided that the approaches are used within their stated limits of applicability. However, if an approach is used outside of its limits of applicability, it is important that it be a
