1、 Reference number ISO/TR 14685:2001(E) ISO 2001TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 14685 First edition 2001-12-15 Hydrometric determinations Geophysical logging of boreholes for hydrogeological purposes Considerations and guidelines for making measurements Dterminations hydromtriques Rpertoriage gophysique des
2、trous de sonde pour des besoins hydrogologiques Considrations et lignes directrices relatives aux mesurages ISO/TR 14685:2001(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless
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7、 Switzerland ii ISO 2001 All rights reservedISO/TR 14685:2001(E) ISO 2001 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope 1 2 Terms and definitions .1 3 Units of measurement.6 4 Purpose of geophysical logging 6 4.1 General6 4.2 Formation logging .7 4.3 Fluid logging 9 4.4 Con
8、struction logging 12 4.5 Selection of logs 12 5 Planning13 5.1 General considerations.13 5.2 Safety around wells, boreholes and shafts 15 5.3 Site access .15 5.4 Access within a borehole16 5.5 Equipment 16 5.6 Borehole details.16 5.7 Logging sequence .17 5.8 Quality assurance18 6 Formation logging .
9、18 6.1 General18 6.2 Electric logs .18 6.3 Natural gamma-ray logs21 6.4 Neutron-neutron (porosity) logs 22 6.5 Gamma-gamma (density) logs .23 6.6 Sonic logs.24 6.7 Other logs.25 7 Fluid logging 26 7.1 General26 7.2 Temperature .26 7.3 Fluid conductivity26 7.4 Flow.28 8 Construction logging 29 8.1 Ge
10、neral29 8.2 Calliper29 8.3 Casing collar locator .30 8.4 Cement bond31 8.5 Closed circuit television log.32 9 Log presentation32 9.1 General32 9.2 Track layout35 9.3 Log parameter scales35 9.4 Depth scales.35 9.5 Composite logs35 9.6 Differential logs36 Bibliography37 ISO/TR 14685:2001(E) iv ISO 200
11、1 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a
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13、 (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical com
14、mittees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally publish
15、ed as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be
16、 no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Technical Report may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 14685 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 113, Hydr
17、ometric determinations, Subcommittee SC 8, Ground water. ISO/TR 14685:2001(E) ISO 2001 All rights reserved vIntroduction Geophysical logging of boreholes, wells and/or shafts (hereafter referred to as boreholes) for hydrogeologic purposes provides a measurement of various physical and chemical prope
18、rties of formations penetrated by a borehole and of their contained fluids. Sondes measuring different parameters are lowered into the borehole and the continuous depthwise change in a measured parameter is presented graphically as a geophysical log. Geophysical logging of boreholes is carried out t
19、o obtain information on: a) the lithology of the formations through which the borehole is drilled; b) the occurrence, quantity, location and quality of formation fluid (usually water); c) the dimensions, construction and physical condition of the borehole. The logging equipment consists essentially
20、of three parts: the downhole sensor and oblique tool (hereafter referred to as a sonde); cable and winch; power and a surface system of power, signal processing and recording units (see Figure 1). The various sondes contain sensors to enable specific properties to be measured. Output from the sondes
21、 is in the form of electronic signals, either analogue or digital. These signals are transmitted to the surface instruments via the cable and winch. The cable serves the dual purpose of supporting the sonde and conveying electrical power and signals to and from the sonde. To this end it has a double
22、 outer layer of high tensile steel or polyurethane/kevlar. The winch serves to raise or lower the sonde and to measure its precise depth. This is achieved by passing the cable round a measuring sheave of known diameter linked to an accurate depth measuring system. The surface instrumentation typical
23、ly consists of two sections to provide power and process the electronic signals from each of the sondes for recording purposes. Data recorder units are either analogue or digital, comprising pen and ink recorders, film, a dedicated computer, encoding the signal data from the sonde or surface modules
24、, formatting them and storing them on magnetic tape or disk, and driving the plotter to produce filed logs. ISO/TR 14685:2001(E) vi ISO 2001 All rights reservedKey 1 Sensor 2 Electronic section 3 Cable head 4 Sonde 5 Power (down) 6 Signal (up) 7 Logging cable 8 Cable-measuring sheave 9 Recorder driv
25、e 10 Winch 11 Slip ring 12 Ground (electric logging) 13 Motor 14 Signal 15 Power 16 Vertical scale control 17 ac power source (regulated) 18 Recorder 19 Depth indicator 20 Varying dc voltage (mV) for driving recorder pens 21 Logging speed and direction 22 Downhole power (not universal) 23 Signal con
26、ditioning; zero positioning; sensitivity; time constant etc. 24 Logging controls NOTE Taken from reference 14. Figure 1 Schematic of a basic geophysical logging system TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 14685:2001(E) ISO 2001 All rights reserved 1Hydrometric determinations Geophysical logging of boreholes for
27、hydrogeological purposes Considerations and guidelines for making measurements 1 Scope This Technical Report is a summary of best practice for those involved in geophysical borehole logging for hydrogeological purposes. It describes the factors that need to be considered and the measurements that ar
28、e required to be made when logging boreholes. There can, however, be no definite “standard” logging procedure because of great diversity of objectives, groundwater conditions and available technology. Geophysical logging of boreholes is an evolving science, continually adopting new and different tec
29、hniques. Every application poses a range of problems and is likely to require a particular set of logs to gain maximum information. This Technical Report therefore provides information on field practice with the objective of how variations in measured parameters may be useful to take account of part
30、icular local conditions. It deals with the usual types of logging carried out for delineation of aquifer boundaries; mapping aquifer geometry; assessing the chemical quality and quantity of ground water; water-supply purposes; landfill investigations and contamination studies; borehole construction
31、and conditions; and subsurface lithological information. Applications not specifically considered in this Technical Report include mineral and hydrocarbon evaluation and geotechnical and structural engineering investigations. However, this Technical Report may be a source of general information for
32、any borehole geophysical logging effort. NOTE Interpretation of the data collected during logging is referred to in this Technical Report only in a general way. For full details of the analysis and interpretation of geophysical logs, reference should be made to specialized texts. Examples of such te
33、xts are included in the Bibliography. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this Technical Report, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 abstraction removal of water from a borehole or well 2.2 access tube dip tube pipe inserted into a well to permit safe installation of instruments,
34、thus safeguarding them from touching or becoming entangled with the pump or other equipment in the well 2.3 air lifting method of producing a discharge of water from a borehole by the injection of compressed air 2.4 aquifer lithological unit, group of lithological units, or part of a lithological un
35、it containing sufficient saturated permeable material to yield significant quantities of water to wells, boreholes, or springs ISO/TR 14685:2001(E) 2 ISO 2001 All rights reserved2.5 aquifer properties properties of an aquifer that determine its hydraulic behaviour and its response to abstraction 2.6
36、 argillaceous containing clay minerals 2.7 bed resolution minimum bed thickness that can be resolved 2.8 bonding seal between a borehole lining and the geological formation 2.9 cable boom rigid support from which the geophysical sonde and cable are suspended 2.10 calibration tail section of field lo
37、g carrying information on sonde calibration 2.11 casing tubular retaining structure, which is installed in a drilled borehole or excavated well, to maintain the borehole opening NOTE Plain casing prevents the entry of water. 2.12 casing string set of lengths of casing assembled for lowering into a b
38、orehole 2.13 composite log several well logs of the same or similar types suitable for correlation, spliced together to form a single continuous record 2.14 core section of geological formation obtained from a borehole by drilling 2.15 curve matching comparison of individual borehole data in graphic
39、al form with standard or control data 2.16 drawdown reduction in static head within the aquifer resulting from abstraction 2.17 drilling circulation movement of drilling fluid (air foam or liquid) used to clear the borehole during drilling ISO/TR 14685:2001(E) ISO 2001 All rights reserved 32.18 filt
40、er pack granular material introduced into a borehole between the aquifer and a screen or perforated lining to prevent or control the movement of particles from the aquifer into the borehole 2.19 fishing tool grappling equipment used to locate and recover items from within a borehole 2.20 flushed zon
41、e zone at a relatively short radial distance from the borehole immediately behind the mudcake where all of the pore spaces are filled with borehole fluid 2.21 fluid column that part of a borehole filled with fluid 2.22 formation geological unit or series of units 2.23 geophysical log continuous reco
42、rd of a physical or chemical property plotted against depth or time 2.24 grain size principal dimension of the basic particle making up an aquifer or lithological unit 2.25 grout cement and water mixture 2.26 header information description of type of data required for inclusion in a table or as inpu
43、t to a computer program 2.27 invaded zone portion of formation surrounding a borehole into which drilling fluid has partially penetrated 2.28 jig calibrating device for logging sondes 2.29 leachate liquid that has percolated through solid wastes 2.30 lining tube or wall used to support the sides of
44、a well and sometimes to prevent the entry of water 2.31 lithology physical character and mineralogical composition that gives rise to the appearance and properties of a rock or sediment ISO/TR 14685:2001(E) 4 ISO 2001 All rights reserved2.32 logging recording of data 2.33 mud cake residue deposited
45、on the borehole wall during drilling 2.34 open borehole unlined borehole 2.35 packer device placed in a borehole to seal or plug it at a specific point 2.36 permeability characteristic of a material that determines the rate at which fluids pass through it under the influence of differential pressure
46、 2.37 photomultiplier electronic device for amplifying and converting light pulses into measurable electrical signals 2.38 plummet plumb bob used for determining the apparent depth of a borehole 2.39 porosity ratio of the volume of pore space in a sample to the bulk volume of that sample 2.40 rising
47、 main pipe carrying water from within a well to a point of discharge 2.41 rugosity degree of roughness (of the borehole wall) 2.42 saline interface boundary between waters of differing salt content 2.43 saturated zone that part of earthen material normally beneath the water table in which all voids
48、are filled with water that is under a greater-than-atmospheric pressure 2.44 screen type of lining tube, with apertures designed to permit the flow of water into a well while preventing the entry of aquifer or filter pack material 2.45 sidewalling running a log up or down a borehole with the sonde i
49、n contact with the borehole wall ISO/TR 14685:2001(E) ISO 2001 All rights reserved 52.46 sonde cable-suspended probe or tool containing a sensor 2.47 unconfined aquifer water bearing formation with a free water surface 2.48 unconsolidated rock rock that lacks natural cementation 2.49 unsaturated zone that part of earthen material between the land surface and the water table 2.50 washout cavity formed by the action of drilling 2.51 water table surface of the saturated zone at which the water pressure is atmospheric 2.52 API
