1、 ISO 2017 Environmental management Water footprint Illustrative examples on how to apply ISO 14046 Management environnemental Empreinte eau Exemples illustrant lapplication de lISO 14046 TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 14073 Reference number ISO/TR 14073:2017(E) Second edition 2017-05 ISO/TR 14073:2017(E)ii
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4、22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org ISO/TR 14073:2017(E)Foreword vi Introduction vii 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 1 4.1 Symbols . 1 4.2 Abbreviated terms . 2 5 Selection of the type of water footprint assessment . 3 5.1 Gen
5、eral . 3 5.2 Choice of the type of water footprint study . 6 6 Presentation of the examples 7 6.1 Example A Water footprint inventory of two power plants. 7 6.1.1 Goal and scope . 7 6.1.2 Inventory 8 6.1.3 Interpretation . 8 6.2 Example B - Water footprint inventory of rice cultivation 8 6.2.1 Goal
6、and scope . 8 6.2.2 Inventory 9 6.3 Example C Water scarcity footprint of municipal water management .12 6.3.1 Goal and scope 12 6.3.2 Inventory .12 6.3.3 Impact assessment 13 6.3.4 Interpretation 13 6.4 Example D Water scarcity footprint of rice cultivation (cradle-to-gate) .14 6.4.1 Goal and scope
7、 14 6.4.2 Inventory .14 6.4.3 Impact assessment 14 6.5 Example E Water scarcity footprint of a textile with life cycle stages in different locations .15 6.5.1 Goal and scope 15 6.5.2 Inventory .15 6.5.3 Impact assessment 16 6.5.4 Interpretation 16 6.6 Example F Water scarcity footprint of reservoir
8、operation, reflecting seasonality .17 6.6.1 Goal and scope 17 6.6.2 Inventory .17 6.6.3 Impact assessment 17 6.6.4 Interpretation 18 6.7 Example G Water scarcity footprint and water availability footprint of packaging production 18 6.7.1 Goal and scope 18 6.7.2 Inventory .19 6.7.3 Impact assessment
9、19 6.8 Example H Water scarcity footprint differentiated by source of water 21 6.8.1 Goal and scope 21 6.8.2 Inventory .22 6.8.3 Impact assessment 22 6.8.4 Interpretation 22 6.9 Example I Variation of water scarcity by forest management and land use .23 6.9.1 Goal and scope 23 6.9.2 Inventory .23 IS
10、O 2017 All rights reserved iii Contents Page ISO/TR 14073:2017(E)6.9.3 Impact assessment 23 6.9.4 Interpretation 24 6.10 Example J - Water eutrophication footprint of maize cultivation, calculated as one or two indicator results 24 6.10.1 Goal and scope 24 6.10.2 Inventory .24 6.10.3 Impact assessme
11、nt 25 6.11 Example K Comprehensive water footprint profile of packaging production 27 6.11.1 Goal and scope 27 6.11.2 Inventory .27 6.11.3 Impact assessment 27 6.11.4 Interpretation 30 6.12 Example L Non-comprehensive weighted water footprint of cereal cultivation 30 6.12.1 Goal and scope 30 6.12.2
12、Inventory .30 6.12.3 Impact assessment 30 6.13 Example M - Water footprint of packaging production as part of a life cycle assessment .32 6.13.1 Goal and scope 32 6.13.2 Inventory .32 6.13.3 Impact assessment 32 6.13.4 Interpretation 33 6.14 Example N Non-comprehensive water footprint of textile pro
13、duction 33 6.14.1 Goal and Scope 33 6.14.2 Inventory .33 6.14.3 Impact assessment 34 6.14.4 Discussion .36 6.14.5 Limitations .36 6.15 Example O Non-comprehensive weighted water footprint of municipal water management 37 6.15.1 Goal and scope 37 6.15.2 Inventory .37 6.15.3 Impact assessment 38 6.15.
14、4 Interpretation 40 6.16 Example P Non-comprehensive water footprint of a company producing chemicals (organization).41 6.16.1 Goal and scope 41 6.16.2 Inventory .42 6.16.3 Impact assessment 43 6.16.4 Interpretation 45 6.17 Example Q Water scarcity footprint of an aluminium company (organization) .4
15、6 6.17.1 Goal and scope 46 6.17.2 Inventory .47 6.17.3 Impact assessment 47 6.17.4 Interpretation 51 6.18 Example R Non-comprehensive direct water footprint of a hotel (organization) considering seasonality 51 6.18.1 Goal and scope 51 6.18.2 Inventory .52 6.18.3 Impact assessment 52 6.18.4 Interpret
16、ation 53 7 Issues arising in water footprint studies .53 7.1 Seasonality .53 7.2 Use of a baseline .54 7.3 Evaporation, transpiration and evapotranspiration 55 7.4 Water quality .55 7.4.1 General.55 7.4.2 Relevant air and soil (and water) emissions 56 7.5 Choice of indicators along the environmental
17、 mechanism .57 iv ISO 2017 All rights reserved ISO/TR 14073:2017(E)7.6 Identification of foreseen consequences of the excluded impacts 58 7.7 Sensitivity analysis .58 Bibliography .60 ISO 2017 All rights reserved v ISO/TR 14073:2017(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization
18、) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be repr
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24、oreword .html. This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, Subcommittee SC 5, Life cycle assessment. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TR 14073:2016), of which this constitutes a minor revision incorporating minor editorial co
25、rrections and improved figures.vi ISO 2017 All rights reserved ISO/TR 14073:2017(E) Introduction Principles, requirements and guidelines for the quantification and reporting of a water footprint are given in ISO 14046. The water footprint assessment according to ISO 14046 can be conducted as a stand
26、-alone assessment, where only impacts related to water are assessed, or as part of a life cycle assessment. In addition, a variety of modelling choices and approaches are possible depending on the goal and scope of the assessment. The water footprint can be reported as a single value or as a profile
27、 of impact category indicator results. This document provides illustrative examples on the application of ISO 14046 to further enhance understanding of ISO 14046 and to facilitate its widespread application. At the time of the publication of this document, water footprint assessment methods are deve
28、loping rapidly. Practitioners are encouraged to be aware of the latest developments when undertaking water footprint studies. These examples are for illustrative purposes only and some of the data used are fictitious. The data are not intended to be used outside of the context of this document. The
29、Bibliography might contain references to methods that are not fully compliant with ISO 14046:2014. ISO 2017 All rights reserved vii Environmental management Water footprint Illustrative examples on how to apply ISO 14046 1 Scope This document provides illustrative examples of how to apply ISO 14046,
30、 in order to assess the water footprint of products, processes and organizations based on life cycle assessment. The examples are presented to demonstrate particular aspects of the application of ISO 14046 and therefore do not present all of the details of an entire water footprint study report as r
31、equired by ISO 14046. NOTE The examples are presented as different ways of applying ISO 14046 and do not preclude alternative ways of calculating the water footprint, provided they are in accordance with ISO 14046. 2 Normative references The following documents are referred to in the text in such a
32、way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 14046:2014, Environmental management Water footprint Pr
33、inciples, requirements and guidelines 3 T erms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14046:2014 apply. ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: ISO Online browsing platform: available at
34、 h t t p :/ www .iso .org/ obp IEC Electropedia: available at h t t p :/ www .electropedia .org/ 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms 4.1 Symbols characterization factor C Concentration E Emission F Footprint R Rainfall V Volume TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 14073:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 1 ISO/TR
35、14073:2017(E) 4.2 Abbreviated terms 1,4-DB 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid APSIM Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator BOD Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5 means “measured during 5 days”) CF Characterization Factor COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CTU Comparative Toxic UnitNOTE
36、1 “CTU e ” for ecosystems; “CTU h ” for humans; “CTU c ” for cancer; “CTU n-c ” for non-cancer. CWU Consumptive Water Use CWV Critical Water Volume DALY Disability Adjusted Life Years DWU Degradative Water Use DWCM-AgWU Distributed Water Circulation Model Incorporating Agricultural Water Use ET Evap
37、otranspiration FU Functional Unit H 2 O-eq Water “equivalent”NOTE 2 Typical unit to express the impact score associated with water scarcity. Sometimes the term H 2 O-eq is written H 2 O eq, or H 2 Oe. LCA Life Cycle Assessment LCI Life Cycle Inventory LCIA Life Cycle Impact Assessment OEF Organizati
38、on Environmental Footprint PEF Product Environmental Footprint PDF Potentially Disappeared Fraction of species PAF Potentially Affected Fraction of species RU Reporting Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon WSI Water Scarcity Index2 ISO 2017 All rights reserved ISO/TR 14073:2017(E)NOTE 3 Sometimes the term
39、water stress index (also abbreviated as WSI) is used in the literature for what is termed a water scarcity index in this document. WSF Water Scarcity Footprint WULCA Water Use in LCA 5 Selection of the type of water footprint assessment 5.1 General The water footprint assessment conducted according
40、to ISO 14046 can be: a stand-alone assessment where only impacts related to water are assessed; a part of a life cycle assessment (LCA) where consideration is given to a comprehensive set of environmental impacts, which are not only impacts related to water. Table 1 lists the illustrative examples i
41、n this document and the different topics that are highlighted in each example. Table 1 Types of water footprint assessment shown in the examples Example Product/ process or organization focus Topic highlight- ed a Case study used in the example Type of footprint a System boundary Impact assessment m
42、ethod a A (6.1) Product/ Process Water footprint inventory Power plant n/a (Water foot- print inventory only) Gate-to-gate n/a (inventory only) B (6.2) Product/ Process Water footprint inventory using a baseline Rice cultiva- tion n/a (Water foot- print inventory only) Gate-to-gate n/a (inventory on
43、ly) C (6.3) Product/ Process Option com- parison using scarcity Municipal water manage- ment Water scarcity footprint Gate-to-gate Boulay et al. (2016) (WU LCA) 5 D (6.4) Product/ Process Application of water scarcity footprint method Rice Water scarcity footprint Gate-to-gate Ridoutt and Pfister (2
44、010) 6 E (6.5) Product/ Process Influence of im- pact assessment method chosen for scarcity Tex tile Water scarcity footprint Cradle-to- grave Boulay et al. (2016) (WULCA) 5 ; Pfister et al. (2009) 7 ; Frischknecht et al. (2009) 8 ; EU (2013) (PEF/OEF) 9 ; Boulay et al. (2011) 10 ; Hoekstra et al. (
45、2012) (Water Footprint Net- work - WFN) 11 ; Berger et al. (2014) 12 aAll examples explicitly or implicitly contain a water footprint inventory. ISO 2017 All rights reserved 3 ISO/TR 14073:2017(E) Example Product/ process or organization focus Topic highlight- ed a Case study used in the example Typ
46、e of footprint a System boundary Impact assessment method a F (6.6) Product/ Process Seasonality Reservoir operation Water scarcity footprint Gate-to-gate Pfister and Bayer (2014) 13 G (6.7) Product/ Process Scarcity vs avail- ability Packaging production Water scarcity footprint; water availability
47、 foot- print Gate-to-gate Boulay et al. (2011) 10 H (6.8) Product/ Process Influence of water sources Wheat cultiva- tion Water scarcity footprint Gate-to-gate Yano et al. (2015) 14 I (6.9) Product/ Process Influence of for- est management / land use change Beer produc- tion Water scarcity footprint
48、 Gate-to-gate Yano et al. (2015) 14 J (6.10) Product/ Process Number of indi- cators per type of impact Maize Water eutrophica- tion footprint Cradle-to- gate EU (2013) (PEF/OEF) 9 ; Jolliet et al. (2003) (IM- PACT 2002+) 15 K (6.11) Product/ Process Comprehensive water footprint Packaging product W
49、ater footprint (comprehensive profile) Cradle-to- gate Bulle et al. (2017) (IMPACT World+) 16 ; Rosenbaum et al. (2008) (USEtox) 17 ; Guine et al. 2001 19 ; EU (2013) (PEF/OEF) 9 ; Verones et al. (2010) 19 ; Boulay et al. (2016) (WULCA) 5 ; Boulay et al. (2011) 10 ; Hannafiah et al. (2011) 20 L (6.12) Product/ Process Applying weight- ing to obtain a single value Cereal cultiva- tion Non-comprehen- sive weighted water footprint Gate-to-gate Goed
