1、 Reference number ISO/TR 12391-3:2002(E) ISO 2002TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 12391-3 First edition 2002-12-15 Gas cylinders Refillable seamless steel Performance tests Part 3: Fracture performance tests Cyclical burst tests Bouteilles gaz Rechargeables en acier sans soudure Essais de performance Partie
2、3: Essais de mode de rupture Essais de rupture cyclique ISO/TR 12391-3:2002(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to a
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5、found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2002 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission
6、 in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2002 All rights reservedIS
7、O/TR 12391-3:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 References. 1 3 Symbols . 2 4 Background information 2 5 Experimental test programme . 4 5.1 Types of cylinder tested. 4 5.2 Material properties tests. 5 5.3 Description of the flawed-cylinder c
8、yclical burst test. 6 6 Flawed-cylinder cyclical burst test results. 8 6.1 Flawed-cylinder burst test procedure. 8 6.2 Flawed-cylinder cyclical burst test results for group B materials. 9 6.3 Flawed-cylinder cyclical burst test results for group C materials. 10 6.4 Flawed-cylinder cyclical burst tes
9、t results for group D materials. 11 7 Discussion . 13 7.1 Background . 13 7.2 ISO 9809-2 flawed-cylinder cyclical burst test procedures and acceptance criteria. 13 7.3 Comparison of the flawed-cylinder cyclical burst test with the flawed-cylinder burst test with monotonic pressurization to evaluate
10、fracture performance. 14 8 Summary and conclusions 15 Bibliography . 47 ISO/TR 12391-3:2002(E) iv ISO 2002 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Internatio
11、nal Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO
12、, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical com
13、mittees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstanc
14、es, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entire
15、ly informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO/TR 12391 may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for
16、 identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 12391-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 58, Gas cylinders, Subcommittee SC 3, Cylinder design. ISO/TR 12391 consists of the following parts, under the general title Gas cylinders Refillable seamless steel Performance tests: Part 1: Philos
17、ophy, background and conclusions Part 2: Fracture performance tests Monotonic burst tests Part 3: Fracture performance tests Cyclical burst tests Part 4: Flawed-cylinder cycle test ISO/TR 12391-3:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved vIntroduction Gas cylinders as specified in ISO 9809-1 have been co
18、nstructed of steel with a maximum tensile strength of less than 1 100 MPa. With the technical changes in steel-making using a two-stage process, referred to as ladle metallurgy or secondary refining, significant improvement in mechanical properties have been achieved. These improved mechanical prope
19、rties provide the opportunity of producing gas cylinders with higher tensile strength and which achieve a lower ratio of steel to gas weight. The major concern in using steels of higher tensile strength with correspondingly higher design wall stress is safety throughout the life of the gas cylinder.
20、 When ISO/TC 58/SC 3 began drafting ISO 9809-2, Working Group 14 was formed to study the need for additional controls for the manufacture of steel gas cylinders having a tensile strength greater than 1 100 MPa. This part of ISO/TR 12391 presents all of the specific test results of the monotonic, fla
21、wed-cylinder burst tests that were conducted in order to evaluate the fracture performance of cylinders ranging in tensile strength from less 750 MPa to greater than 1 210 MPa. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 12391-3:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 1Gas cylinders Refillable seamless steel Performance t
22、ests Part 3: Fracture performance tests Cyclical burst tests 1 Scope This part of ISO/TR 12391 applies to seamless refillable cylinders of all sizes from 0,5 l up to and including 150 l water capacity produced of steel with tensile strength (R m ) greater than 1 100 MPa. It can also be applied to cy
23、linders produced from steels used at lower tensile strengths. In particular, it provides the technical rationale and background to guide future alterations of existing ISO standards or for developing advanced design standards. This part of ISO/TR 12391 is a summary and compilation of the test result
24、s obtained during the development of the “flawed-cylinder cyclical burst test”. The test is an alternate test method to the flawed-cylinder burst test with monotonic pressurization and is used to evaluate the fracture performance of steel cylinders which are used to transport high-pressure compresse
25、d gases. The concept and development of the flawed-cylindercyclical burst test is described in ISO/TR 12391-1. The details of the test method and the criteria for acceptable fracture performance of steel cylinders are given in 9.2.5.3.2 of ISO 9809-2:2000. In this part of ISO/TR 12391, test results
26、are reported for more than one hundred flawed-cylinder cyclical burst tests that were conducted on seamless steel cylinders that ranged in tensile strength from 750 MPa to 1 210 MPa. The test method is intended to be used both for the selection of materials and to establish design parameters in the
27、development of new cylinders as well as for an efficient quality control test to be used during the production of cylinders. 2 References ISO 148:1983, Steel Charpy impact test (V-notch) ISO 6892:1998, Metallic materials Tensile testing at ambient temperature ISO 9809-1:1999, Gas cylinders Refillabl
28、e seamless steel gas cylinders Design, construction and testing Part 1: Quenched and tempered steel cylinders with tensile strength less than 1 100 MPa ISO 9809-2:2000, Gas cylinders Refillable seamless steel gas cylinders Design, construction and testing Part 2: Quenched and tempered steel cylinder
29、s with tensile strength greater than or equal to 1 100 MPa ISO/TR 12391-1, Gas cylinders Refillable seamless steel Performance tests Part 1: Philosophy, background and conclusions ISO/TR 12391-2, Gas cylinders Refillable seamless steel Performance tests Part 2: Fracture performance tests Monotonic b
30、urst tests ISO/TR 12391-3:2002(E) 2 ISO 2002 All rights reserved3 Symbols A is the elongation, expressed as a percentage (= d/t d ); d is the flaw depth, expressed in millimetres (= A t d ); D is the outside diameter of the cylinder, expressed in millimetres; l ois the flaw length, expressed in mill
31、imetres (= n t d ); n represents multiples of t d(= l o /t d ); P fis the failure pressure measured in the flawed-cylinder burst test expressed in bar. P his the calculated design test pressure for the cylinder, expressed in bar; P sis the calculated design service pressure for the cylinder, express
32、ed in bar; R eis the guaranteed minimum yield strength; R eais the actual measured value of yield strength, expressed in megapascals; R g, maxis the maximum value of tensile strength guaranteed by the manufacturer, expressed in megapascals; R g, minis the minimum value of tensile strength guaranteed
33、 by the manufacturer, expressed in megapascals; R mis the actual measured value of tensile strength, expressed in megapascals; t ais the actual measured wall thickness at the location of the flaw, expressed in millimetres; t dis the calculated minimum design wall thickness, expressed in millimetres.
34、 4 Background information High-pressure industrial gases (such as oxygen, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, helium, etc.) are stored and transported in portable steel cylinders. These cylinders are designed, manufactured, and maintained in accordance with ISO 9809-1 and ISO 9809-2. The cylinders are constr
35、ucted from specified alloy steels that are generally modified versions of steel alloys such as AISI 4130 or 34 Cr Mo 4 and AISI 4140 1or equivalent steels made to other national specifications. The cylinders are of seamless construction and are manufactured by either a forging process, a tube-drawin
36、g process, or by a plate-drawing process. The required mechanical properties are obtained by using an austenitizing, quenching and tempering heat treatment. Typical sizes of these cylinders are 100 mm to 250 mm in diameter, 500 mm to 2 000 mm in length, and 3 mm to 20 mm in wall thickness. Typical w
37、orking pressure ranges from 100 bar to 400 bar. Until recently, the tensile strength of the steels used in the construction of such cylinders has been limited to a maximum of about 1 100 MPa. This limitation for the maximum tensile strength occurs because the fracture toughness of the steels decreas
38、es with increase in the tensile strength and above a tensile strength of about 1 100 MPa the fracture toughness was not adequate to prevent fracture of the cylinders. Recently developed new alloy steels, which are modifications of the AISI 4130 and AISI 4140 steels, which have both high tensile stre
39、ngth and high fracture toughness make it possible to construct lighter cylinders with higher tensile strength steels. This permits the use of cylinder designs in which the stress in the cylinder wall is increased for a constant wall thickness. The use of higher strength steels will therefore achieve
40、 a lower ratio of steel weight to gas weight that reduces shipping and handling costs. ISO/TR 12391-3:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 3A major concern in using higher strength steels for cylinder construction and correspondingly higher design wall stress is the ability to maintain the same leve
41、l of safety throughout the life of the cylinder. In particular, increasing the tensile strength of the steels and increasing the stress in the wall of the cylinders could make the cylinders less fracture resistant than cylinders made out of steels with the traditionally used lower tensile strength l
42、evels. In order to use steels with strength levels higher than 1 100 MPa, it was determined that new requirements were needed to assure adequate fracture resistance of the cylinders. To develop these requirements, a working group on cylinder fracture (WG 14) was formed under ISO/TC 58/SC 3. WG 14 wa
43、s assigned the task of: “developing a suitable test method and specifications to assure adequate fracture resistance for gas cylinders made from steels with tensile strengths greater than 1 100 MPa“. WG 14 decided that the test method and specifications that were developed should demonstrate that th
44、e overall “fracture resistance” of cylinders made out of higher strength steels was equivalent to that of cylinders made from lower strength steels. Fracture resistance of the cylinder is defined as the adequate fracture initiation strength in the presence of a crack-like flaw to assure leak rather
45、than fracture performance of the cylinder at a specified failure pressure (usually the marked service pressure of the cylinder). The test methods and procedures that have previously been used to evaluate the fracture performance of high pressure cylinders have been based either on fracture mechanics
46、 tests and analysis or have been based on empirical correlations with the Charpy-V-notch (CVN) test impact energy 4. The objectives of these test methods and procedures are to predict the fracture initiation stress (or pressure) and fracture mode (leak or unstable fracture). The fracture mechanics t
47、ests and analysis showed that to provide adequate fracture resistance, the cylinder wall should be in the plane-stress fracture state and that the fracture should occur under elastic-plastic conditions. To reliably evaluate the fracture performance of cylinders in the plane-stress fracture state req
48、uires that an elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analysis (i.e. J Ic, J R ) be conducted. Using the fracture mechanics analysis approach to evaluate fracture performance may require that a complex and expensive finite-element analysis be done for each specific type of flaw on each specific cylinder
49、design to establish the J Icor J Rrequirements for adequate fracture resistance. Also, the J Icmaterials property test required to evaluate the cylinder material is expensive and time consuming. Such costly and time-consuming tests have not proven to be practical for use with the high volume cylinder production. Empirical correlations have been used to predict the fracture performance of cylinders. These empirical correlations relate the fracture initiation stress level for spec
