1、Reference number ISO/TR 11696-2:1999(E) ISO 1999 TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 11696-2 First edition 1999-12-15 Uses of reaction to fire test results Part 2: Fire hazard assessment of construction products Utilisation des rsultats des essais de raction au feu Partie 2: valuation du risque-feu des produits
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5、riat at the address given below. ISO 1999 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the addre
6、ss below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 734 10 79 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO 1999 All rights reservedISO/TR 11696-2:1999(E) ISO 1999 All rights res
7、erved iii Contents Page Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope 1 2 References1 3 Terms and definitions .2 4 Fire characteristics3 5 Fire hazard assessment 4 6 The decision tree .6 6.1 Step 1 Definition of fire scenario (probabilistic)6 6.2 Step 2 Ignition hazard (deterministic).6 6.3 Step 3 Fire growth
8、hazard (deterministic) 7 6.4 Step 4 Smoke (deterministic).7 6.5 Step 5 Rate of hazard development (probabilistic) .7 7 Factors affecting fire growth and the extent of their importance.10 7.1 Step 1 Definition of fire scenario.10 7.2 Step 2 Ignition10 7.3 Step 3 Fire development.13 7.4 Step 4 Smoke.1
9、7 7.5 Step 5 Rate of hazard development 18 Annex A An example of a quantitative assessment of fire test data.20 Annex B Guidelines to classification data from ISO fire tests.23 Annex C An example of a calculation of visibility within a building on fire .27 Bibliography29ISO/TR 11696-2:1999(E) iv ISO
10、 1999 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested
11、in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commi
12、ssion (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technica
13、l committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally pu
14、blished as an International Standard (“state of the art“, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered
15、to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO/TR 11696 may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 11696-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/T
16、C 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fire initiation and growth. ISO/TR 11696 consists of the following parts, under the general title Uses of reaction to fire test results: Part 1: Application of test results to predict fire performance of internal linings and other building products Part 2: Fire
17、hazard assessment of construction productsISO/TR 11696-2:1999(E) ISO 1999 All rights reserved v Introduction This part of ISO/TR 11696 provides guidance on how to assess reaction to fire test results for construction products from tests developed in ISO/TC92/SC1. It provides a basis for reaching an
18、informed judgement when balancing out any conflicting elements which may arise in a risk assessment exercise, where, of necessity, account must always be taken of many practical considerations. The document has been designed to provide guidelines to be followed when assessing reaction-to-fire test r
19、esults within the context of the overall hazard presented by a defined fire scenario. When using this guide, account should be taken of any statutory or control requirements (for example building regulations), information obtained from fire tests such as those developed by other organizations, publi
20、shed literature on non-standard tests and analytical and biological studies of fire atmospheres. By establishing a toolkit of new fire tests, ISO/TC92/SC1 has provided a greatly improved facility for measuring the fire behaviour of materials and products more meaningfully than hitherto. The new test
21、 methods also provide data which can also be used in extended calculations and computer models to provide predictions of fire performance in a wide range of environments. The use of the test results in extended calculations and models has been explained in detail in ISO/TR 11696-1. At present, only
22、a relatively small number of people and organizations are able to make use of the fire test data in this way, although a much larger number of organizations are able to conduct the tests and obtain the measurements. ISO/TR 11696-2 is intended to provide advice and guidance on the use of ISO toolkit
23、test data by people and organizations who do not have facilities for extended calculations or computer models. Large numbers of test systems have been constructed and installed in many commercial fire test laboratories, the laboratories of materials manufacturers, universities and research instituti
24、ons. A large number of users of the test apparatus currently require guidance in the use and interpretation of the results obtained. Assessment of test results needs guidance, which provides a simplified method. With such guidance, results from the tests can be used by those who may not have knowled
25、ge of the mathematical modelling and the more complex fire science calculations. ISO/TR 11696-2 has been designed to encourage widespread acceptance of the tests by providing simplified guidance on the use of the results. This guide enables assessment to be made of the likely fire hazards to occupan
26、ts of existing buildings and transport as well as the effect that alterations to these structures may have on possible hazards. Experience with the specific procedure of this guide is limited to a few applications at present and more validation of the decision tree method is required. The concept of
27、 controlling the fire performance of construction products by assessing the contribution of products in reaction to fire tests is used widely by regulators. It is recognized that the limitation and control of fire hazards will enable people to be confident in the safety of buildings and transport si
28、nce fires would then be unlikely to occur and if one did, people would be able to escape. Fire testing is, however, only one of the techniques by which fire hazards and risks are limited and controlled. Other techniques include the application of codes of practice, laws controlling flammable materia
29、ls and their misuse, inspection and education services provided by fire brigades, as well as fire detectors, sprinklers and other firefighting equipment.TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 11696-2:1999(E) ISO 1999 All rights reserved 1 Uses of reaction to fire test results Part 2: Fire hazard assessment of cons
30、truction products 1 Scope This part of ISO/TR 11696 provides guidance on the principles and use of fire test data and other relevant information concerning construction products and their end-use environment, so that potential fire hazards and/or risks may be assessed. It suggests procedures for exp
31、ressing results and how to interpret the data to aid the fire hazard assessment process. The guidance given is aimed at materials manufacturers and convertors, designers, wholesalers and retailers, specifiers and regulating bodies, and consumer representatives. 2 References ISO/IEC Guide 52, Glossar
32、y of fire terms and definitions. ISO 1182, Reaction to fire tests for building products Non-combustibility test. ISO 1210, Plastics Determination of the burning behaviour of horizontal and vertical specimens in contact with a small-flame ignition source. ISO 1716, Reaction to fire tests for building
33、 products Determination of the gross calorific value. ISO 5657, Reaction to fire tests Ignitability of building products using a radiant heat source. ISO/TR 5658-1, Reaction to fire tests Spread of flame Part 1: Guidance on flame spread. ISO 5658-2, Reaction to fire tests Spread of flame Part 2: Lat
34、eral spread on building products in vertical configuration. ISO 5658-4, Reaction to fire tests Spread of flame Part 4: Intermediate-scale test of vertical spread of flame with vertically oriented specimen. ISO 5659-2, Plastics Smoke generation Part 2: Determination of optical density by a single-cha
35、mber test. ISO 5660-1, Reaction to fire tests Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate Part 1: Heat release rate (Cone calorimeter method). ISO 5660-2, Reaction to fire tests Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate from building products Part 2: Smoke production rate (dynamic meas
36、urement). ISO 6925, Textile floor coverings Burning behaviour Tablet test at ambient temperature. ISO 6941, Textile fabrics Burning behaviour Measurement of flame spread properties of vertically oriented specimens.ISO/TR 11696-2:1999(E) 2 ISO 1999 All rights reserved ISO/TR 9122-6, Toxicity testing
37、of fire effluents Part 6: Guidance for regulators and specifiers on the assessment of toxic hazards in fires in buildings and transport. ISO 9239-1, Reaction to fire tests for floor coverings Part 1: Determination of the burning behaviour using a radiant heat source. ISO 9239-2, Reaction to fire tes
38、ts Horizontal surface spread of flame on floor coverings Part 2: Flame spread at higher heat flux levels. ISO 9705, Fire tests Full-scale room test for surface products. ISO 10093, Plastics Fire tests Standard ignition sources. ISO 10351, Plastics Determination of the combustibility of specimens usi
39、ng a 125 mm flame source. ISO/TR 11696-1, Uses of reaction to fire test results Part 1: Application of results to predict fire performance of internal linings and other building products. ISO/TR 11925-1, Reaction to fire tests Ignitability of building products subjected to direct impingement of flam
40、e Part 1: Guidance on ignitability. ISO 11925-2, Reaction to fire tests Ignitability of building products subjected to direct impingement of flame Part 2: Single-flame source test. ISO 11925-3, Reaction to fire tests Ignitability of building products subjected to direct impingement of flame Part 3:
41、Multi-source test. ISO 12992, Plastics Vertical flame spread determination for film and sheet. ISO/TR 13387 (all parts), Fire safety engineering. ISO 13784-1, Reaction to fire tests Scale tests for industrial sandwich panels Part 1: Intermediate scale test. ISO 13784-2, Reaction to fire tests Scale
42、tests for industrial sandwich panels Part 2: Large-scale test. ISO 13785-1, Reaction to fire tests on faades Part 1: Intermediate scale test. ISO 13785-2, Reaction to fire tests on faades Part 2: Large scale tests. ISO/TR 14696, Reaction to fire tests Determination of fire parameters of materials, p
43、roducts and assemblies using an intermediate-scale heat release calorimeter (ICAL). IEC 61034-1, Measurement of smoke density of cables burning under defined conditions Part 1: Test apparatus. IEC 61034-2, Measurement of smoke density of cables burning under defined conditions Part 2: Test procedure
44、 and requirements. ASTM E1321, Standard Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and Flame Spread Properties. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this part of ISO/TR 11696, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC Guide 52 and the following apply. 3.1 fire hazard the potential degree
45、of personal injury or damage to property by a fireISO/TR 11696-2:1999(E) ISO 1999 All rights reserved 3 3.2 fire risk the expected loss from a fire is defined in terms of probability as the product of: frequency of occurrence of an undesired event to be expected in a given technical operation or sta
46、te; and, consequence or extent of damage to be expected on the occurrence of the event 3.3 smoke visible part of fire effluent 3.4 thermal inertia a parameter usually represented as kDc where: k is thermal conductivity (W/mK); D is density (kg/m 3 ); c is specific heat (J/g C). NOTE This is an impor
47、tant parameter which governs the rate of surface temperature rise of a product when it is exposed to a heat flux. 4 Fire characteristics By its nature, fire is a complex phenomenon, with its growth and ultimate severity depending upon a number of interrelated factors. For the purpose of this part of
48、 ISO/TR 11696, uncontrolled development of most fires can be divided into the following stages. a) Initiation: The process of heating a material to ignition and thereby establishing a fire, during which the continued release of flammable vapours leads to sustained combustion; b) Growth: The spread o
49、r propagation of the fire which continues until there are no further supplies of immediately accessible fuel (combustibles) or air to become involved. This stage may involve the ignition of adjacent combustible materials; c) Flashover: The sudden transition from a localized fire to combustion of all exposed fuel surfaces within an enclosure; d) Fully developed fire: The stage at which the fire may be said to be “fully developed
