1、Reference number ISO/TR 11696-1:1999(E) ISO 1999 TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 11696-1 First edition 1999-12-15 Uses of reaction to fire test results Part 1: Application of test results to predict fire performance of internal linings and other building products Utilisation des rsultats des essais de racti
2、on au feu Partie 1: Application des rsultats la prdiction de la performance au feu des revtements intrieurs et dautres produits de btimentISO/TR 11696-1:1999(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed
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7、iso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO 1999 All rights reservedISO/TR 11696-1:1999(E) ISO 1999 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope 1 2 References1 3 Terms and definitions .2 4 Fire scenarios.2 5 Experimental methods and their limitations.4 6 Ignitabi
8、lity.6 7 Flame spread10 8 Heat release rate 13 9 Smoke production and obscuration 16 10 Modelling room fire growth lining materials 20 Annex A How to use piloted ignition test data A rational approach.23 Annex B How to use test results of smoke production A rational approach 25 Annex C Mathematical
9、modelling of upward flame spread and HRR in full scale.27 Bibliography36ISO/TR 11696-1:1999(E) iv ISO 1999 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Internati
10、onal Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with IS
11、O, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. The main task of technical co
12、mmittees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstan
13、ces, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art“, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entir
14、ely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO/TR 11696 may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible fo
15、r identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 11696-1, was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fire initiation and growth. ISO/TR 11696 consists of the following parts, under the general title Uses of reaction to fire test results: Part 1: Application of
16、test results to predict fire performance of internal linings and other building products Part 2: Fire hazard assessment of construction productsISO/TR 11696-1:1999(E) ISO 1999 All rights reserved v Introduction This Technical Report deals with a methodology for describing fire development from build
17、ing products in fire rooms under real life conditions by the use of results from small-scale tests, mostly those described in ISO/TR 3814, as input for different types of fire models. Fire is a complex phenomenon. Its behaviour depends upon a number of inter-related factors. The behaviour of materia
18、ls and products depends upon the characteristics of the fire, the end-use application and the environment in which they are exposed. The tests described in ISO/TR 3814 provide the basis for obtaining important physical data describing ignition, flame spread, rate of heat release and smoke. Each sing
19、le test explained in this Technical Report deals only with a simple representation of a particular aspect of the potential fire situation and cannot alone provide any direct guidance on behaviour or safety in fire.TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 11696-1:1999(E) ISO 1999 All rights reserved 1 Uses of reactio
20、n to fire test results Part 1: Application of test results to predict fire performance of internal linings and other building products 1 Scope This Technical Report describes how information on basic values for ignition, spread of flame, rate of heat release and smoke can be used in fire growth mode
21、ls for internal linings and other building products to describe the fire hazard in a limited number of scenarios starting with fire development in a small room. Other scenarios include fire spread in a large compartment and fire propagation down a corridor. The types of models to be used are: a) mat
22、hematical models based on fire growth physics, which calculate fire room variables, the results of which may be used for fire safety engineering purposes; and b) generalized engineering calculations. Sub-models can be included within the above models, provided the consistency of the whole is not pre
23、judiced. The models in general are not limited to one fire scenario. The models should be used to calculate and describe the fire properties of building products in their end-use conditions. The use of models should not be limited by difficult materials, but it is recognized that some products may n
24、ot be capable of being modelled (for example due to their complex assembly or to their thermoplastic properties). Input parameters for models are based on ISO tests, mainly those in ISO/TR 3814. The quality of a fire model for wall and ceiling linings is assessed by comparison with test results from
25、 a full-scale small room test for surface products and by sensitivity analysis on the model itself. 2 References ISO/IEC Guide 52, Glossary of fire terms and definitions. ISO 3261, Fire tests Vocabulary. ISO/TR 3814, Tests for measuring “reaction-to-fire“ of building materials Their development and
26、application. ISO 5657, Reaction to fire tests Ignitability of building products using a radiant heat source. ISO/TR 5658-1, Reaction to fire tests Spread of flame Part 1: Guidance on flame spread.ISO/TR 11696-1:1999(E) 2 ISO 1999 All rights reserved ISO 5658-2, Reaction to fire tests Spread of flame
27、 Part 2: Lateral spread on building products in vertical configuration. ISO 5660-1, Reaction to fire tests Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate Part 1: Heat release rate (Cone calorimeter method). ISO 5660-2, Reaction to fire tests Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate from
28、building products Part 2: Smoke production rate (dynamic measurement). ISO 5725-1, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 1: General principles and definitions. ISO 5725-2, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 2: Basic method fo
29、r the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method. ISO/TR 5924, Fire tests Reaction to fire Smoke generated by building products (dual-chamber test). ISO/TR 9122-1, Toxicity testing of fire effluents Part 1: General. ISO/TR 9122-2, Toxicity testing of fire eff
30、luents Part 2: Guidelines for biological assays to determine the acute inhalation toxicity of fire effluents (basic principles, criteria and methodology). ISO/TR 9122-3, Toxicity testing of fire effluents Part 3: Methods for the analysis of gases and vapours in fire effluents. ISO/TR 9122-4, Toxicit
31、y testing of fire effluents Part 4: The fire model (furnaces and combustion apparatus used in small-scale testing). ISO/TR 9122-5, Toxicity testing of fire effluents Part 5: Prediction of toxic effects of fire effluents. ISO/TR 9122-6, Toxicity testing of fire effluents Part 6: Guidance for regulato
32、rs and specifiers on the assessment of toxic hazards in fires in buildings and transport. ISO 9239-1, Reaction to fire tests Part 1: Determination of the burning behaviour with a radiant heat source. ISO 9239-2, Reaction to fire tests Horizontal surface spread of flame on floor coverings Part 2: Fla
33、me spread at higher heat flux levels. ISO 9705, Fire tests Full-scale room test for surface products. ISO/TR 11925-1, Reaction to fire tests Ignitability of building products subjected to direct impingement of flame Part 1: Guidance on ignitability. ISO/TR 14696, Reaction to fire tests Determination
34、 of fire parameters of materials, products and assemblies using an intermediate-scale heat release calorimeter (ICAL). 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this part of ISO TR 11696, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC Guide 52 and ISO 3261 apply. 4 Fire scenarios 4.1 There is a need t
35、o improve preventive fire protection because of public demand for more safety against fire hazards which have increased during the last decade.ISO/TR 11696-1:1999(E) ISO 1999 All rights reserved 3 4.2 To evaluate the fire hazard, technical fire tests have to be used. Since these will provide the bas
36、is for safety requirements they must be relevant to the end use of a product. 4.3 Fire growth, smoke production and generation of toxicants or corrosive gas depend on the specific properties of a material, its mass, its form and orientation and its surface area. 4.4 To start a fire and for fire deve
37、lopment, three components are necessary: heat, air and combustible material (see Figure 1). 4.5 The development of fire can be split into different phases (see Figure 2, which describes two different fire growth courses). 4.6 Traditionally, fire types in rooms have been subdivided into combustion ca
38、tegories, as is done in ISO/TR 9122 (all parts). This scheme suggests that there are six different fire types, each with a characteristic value of oxygen concentration, CO 2 /CO ratio, etc. Figure 1 Components necessary for starting a fireISO/TR 11696-1:1999(E) 4 ISO 1999 All rights reserved Ignitio
39、n Spread of flame Fire spread Heat release Hazard Visibility Irritation Toxicity Corrosivity Figure 2 Fire growth course 5 Experimental methods and their limitations 5.1 Generally, fire tests do not simulate all aspects of a real fire. No single test result can reflect all aspects of each phase in a
40、 developing fire. 5.2 Small-scale tests may simulate some aspects of fire growth of real fires. There is a need for wide experience of using test data from such tests and a recognition of difficulty of interpretation with respect to the behaviour of products under real fire situations. 5.3 In genera
41、l, ISO/TC 92/SC 1 tests can be used if they give physically-based test results which yield parameters relevant to the model employed. Preferably, tests included in ISO/TR 3814 should be used. 5.4 One aim of using small-scale fire tests is to provide data for predicting full-scale fire behaviour of b
42、uilding products. 5.5 Small-scale tests for smoke development, production of toxicants and corrosive gases from building products are under development. There is a need for development of a hazard model using test results of small-scale tests. 5.6 For reasons of cost and practicality, bench-scale te
43、sts are normally used for measuring fire properties. The results from a bench-scale test can occasionally be used directly to predict real-scale fire performance. More commonly, the use of some form of fire model is needed to relate the bench-scale test results to expected real- scale fire performan
44、ce. This is because bench-scale engineering tests endeavour to quantify a material fire property. The performance in the real-scale fire, however, is not necessarily simply or linearly proportional to the underlying material fire properties; this makes the use of some mathematical treatment often ne
45、cessary. 5.7 Another issue when trying to predict full-scale performance from bench-scale testing is that there is not just one possible full-scale fire scenario. Often, equally plausible fire scenarios can lead to significantly different numeric results. A bench-scale test prediction cannot equally
46、 closely conform to two such different full-scale scenarios.ISO/TR 11696-1:1999(E) ISO 1999 All rights reserved 5 There is a number of physical apparatus-related issues in bench-scale specimen testing. The results can be influenced by: a) melting, shrinking, slumping and dripping; b) intumescence; c
47、) spalling; d) charring of products; e) reflective coating; f) thermal conductivity of facings. The following test conditions can influence the result: 1) substrate; 2) holder frame; 3) ignition source; 4) orientation of specimen (direction of flame spread); 5) end-use condition of product, for exam
48、ple joints, fixings and adhesives; 6) air gaps; 7) roughness of surface; 8) effects of geometry; 9) ventilation. Some of these features can often make it difficult to interpret the results and there is a need to recognize the difficulty of representing this in small-scale tests. Clear guidance for t
49、esting procedure and interpretation are needed to obtain valid results. Specialist tests may be needed for certain “difficult-to-test“ products, for example ISO/TC 61/SC 4 has developed tests for thermoplastics. ISO/TC 92/SC 1 has developed intermediate and large- scale tests for composites. 5.8 The most important parameters for fire growth process measurements are: a) ignitability; b) flame spread rate; c) heat release rate; d) smoke production rate. Effort shoul
