1、 ISO 2015 International harmonized method(s) for a coherent quantification of CO 2 e emissions of freight transport Mthode(s) internationale(s) harmonise(s) pour une quantification cohrente des missions de CO 2 e par le transport de fret INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP AGREEMENT IWA 16 First edition 2015-02-
2、01 Reference number IWA 16:2015(E) IWA 16:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
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4、749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland IWA 16:2015(E)Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Terms and definitions . 1 3 Initiatives and documents included into the gap analysis 2 4 Boundaries of analysis . 2 4.1 General . 2 4.2 Processes included 3
5、 4.2.1 On operation level . 3 4.2.2 On network level 3 4.2.3 On cargo level . 3 4.2.4 Definition and use of transport chain elements . 3 4.3 Processes included on all calculation levels 4 4.3.1 Energy operational processes 4 4.3.2 Fugitive emissions 4 4.4 Processes not included 4 4.5 Processes and i
6、ssues that should be assessed as to their inclusion . 4 5 Gap analysis . 5 5.1 General aspects . 5 5.2 Mode specific gap analysis 6 5.3 Level specific gaps .23 6 Closing the current gaps 24 6.1 General aspects 24 6.2 Recommended next steps and format for next standardization developments 24 7 Conclu
7、sion 25 Annex A (informative) Workshop contributors .26 Bibliography .29 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iii IWA 16:2015(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International S
8、tandards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, als
9、o take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1.
10、In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of
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13、WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TMBG, Technical Management Board Groups.iv ISO 2015 All rights reserved IWA 16:2015(E) Introduction Transport and logistics are base
14、d by 95 % on fossil fuels and currently contribute to an estimated 20 to 25 % of overall global CO 2emissions (ITF International Transport Forum (2012): Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Country Data 2010. http:/ /www.internationaltransportforum.org/Pub/pdf/10GHGcountry. pdf, Rodrigue J-P., Comtois C, Slack
15、 B (2009): The Geography of Transport Systems. New York: Routledge). Therefore, governments and industry are interested in improved efficiency of transportation and transport chains. Transport chains as considered within this IWA encompass the handling processes and transportation of goods from the
16、producing entity to the next level(s). These transport chains connect industry and commercial processes. In order to identify best practice and to improve the efficiency of transport chains, an accepted and standardised method for calculating emissions values is needed together with a specification
17、of data requirements. This IWA develops a framework and maps out requirements toward a global CO 2 e emission calculation standard, based on existing standards. As thorough analysis of existing standards and calculation methods has shown, there are several gaps within the currently existing methods,
18、 which leave space for interpretation in regards to calculation. A comparability of calculated results is therefore not necessarily given (see COFRET EU-project deliverables D 2.4 Methodologies for emission calculations12, D 3.1 Assessment of typology of existing CO 2calculation tools and methodolog
19、ies13, D 3.2 Methodology for integration of CO 2emission calculation-tools14 and D 3.3 Suggestions and recommendations towards global harmonization of carbon footprint calculation principles and comparable reporting15). Identifying these gaps and addressing them in a next standardization process ste
20、p is important though, in order to ensure that ambiguities are eliminated and to achieve a compatible level of accuracy across all modes of transport as well as across all elements of the transport chain. As analysis has shown, optimization of emissions for shipments and for networks of individual t
21、ransport providers requires different approaches. All other things being equal, for isolated cargo direct routings are usually those with the lowest emissions. For transport service providers avoiding empty transportation space will often lead to optimization. Furthermore the characteristics of the
22、various transportation modes need to be taken into consideration as well as those of handling processes, logistics hubs and transhipment centres. The calculation approach suggested in this document therefore distinguishes three levels of calculation: operation specific level, transport company netwo
23、rk level and cargo level, reflecting the differing perspectives of carriers, logistics service providers and shippers. Transport chains are almost always very complex, often encompassing various modes of transport and handling processes or storage etc. In order to enable the calculation of emissions
24、, this IWA suggests the approach of calculation of emissions of separate transport chain elements. Another emphasis within this IWA is given to the aspect of data quality. As tracked fuel consumption is not always available, the question of default data needs to be addressed. Terms like logistics ch
25、ain and supply chain are often used within the transport sector. For a better orientation Figure 1, originated from the COFRET project (see 11), provides a generic example showing logistics operations as elements of the transport chain and transport chain within a supply chain. Each logistics operat
26、ion forms a transport chain element (TCE), the sum of all TCEs builds the transport chain. Figure 1 Logistics operations as elements of the transport chain ISO 2015 All rights reserved v IWA 16:2015(E) International Workshop Agreement IWA 16 was launched at a workshop held in Berlin, Germany, in Jul
27、y 2014, and approved at workshops held in Berlin, Germany, in September 2014 and in November 2014. All workshops were hosted by DIN, the German Institute for Standardization. This IWA was developed in the following format: 1st and kick-off meeting on 2014-07-08: Adoption of the scope and objectives
28、of the IWA, agreement on a two-tiered approach: (1) identification of recommended existing standards suitable as basis and gaps, (2) identification of suitable approaches for closure of identified gaps; 2nd meeting from 2014-09-01 to 2014-09-02: Discussion of gaps per mode and in general, summarizin
29、g and agreement on gaps; 3rd meeting from 2014-11-13 to 2014-11-14: Discussion of suggested approaches for closing gaps and summarizing recommendations on way forward. Between the 2nd and 3rd meeting further consultation in the format of telephone conferences took place between the workshop particip
30、ants in order to complete the mode specific gap analysis. During meetings, findings were discussed and the content of the following document was agreed.vi ISO 2015 All rights reserved International harmonized method(s) for a coherent quantification of CO 2 e emissions of freight transport 1 Scope Th
31、is International Workshop Agreement (IWA) defines the framework for methods for coherent quantification of CO 2 e emissions of freight transport (total and intensity) on the following three levels: 1) Level of operation of transport chain element (TCE). 2) Level of network including company level. 3
32、) Level of cargo. It provides a gap analysis identifying starting points and recommending further specification and possible alignment on mode specific and intermodal levels, including transhipment centres and warehouses. Consideration needs to be given to the practicality of the methods and the int
33、ended use of the outputs to the potential user groups, particularly providers of freight transport and logistic services as well as their customers. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 vehicle operation system VOS set of vehicle o
34、perations SOURCE: EN 16258:2012, 2.2.22 2.2 vehicle operation deployment of a vehicle to fully or partially provide a transport service for one or more transport service users SOURCE: EN 16258:2012, 2.2.21 2.3 vehicle any means of transport Note 1 to entry: Within this standard, this definition incl
35、udes vessels (watercraft and aircraft like ships, boats and planes), for reasons of simplification only. SOURCE: EN 16258:2012, 2.1.19 2.4 transport network system of connections covered by transport organizers including connections covered by subsidiaries and subcontractors International Workshop A
36、greement IWA 16:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1 IWA 16:2015(E) 2.5 cargo collection/quantity of goods (carried on a means of transport) transported from one place to another Note 1 to entry: Cargo can consist of either liquid or solid materials or substances, without any packaging (e.g. bulk
37、cargo), or of loss items of unpacked goods, packages, unitised goods (on pallets or in containers) or goods loaded on transport units and carried on active means of transport. SOURCE: EN 14943:2005, 3.151 2.6 intermodal container inter-modal transport unit (ITU) inter-modal loading unit (ILU) transp
38、ort unit which may be a container, swap body, semi-trailer or road-trailer suitable for inter-modal transport SOURCE: EN 14943:2005, 3.512 2.7 transport chain sequence of transport activities and logistics operations Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1 which shows logistics operations as elements of the t
39、ransport chain. 2.8 logistics planning, execution and control of the movement and placement of people and/or goods and of the supporting activities related to such movement and placement, within a system organized to achieve specific objectives SOURCE: EN 14943:2005, 3.575 2.9 carbon dioxide equival
40、ent CO 2 e unit for comparing the radiative forcing of a GHG to carbon dioxide Note 1 to entry: The carbon dioxide equivalent is calculated using the mass of a given GHG multiplied by its global warming potential. SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2006, 2.19 3 Initiatives and documents included into the gap analy
41、sis Different tools are taken into consideration in the gap analysis and in the way forward in addressing these gaps. These tools are listed in the gap-analysis tables and in Bibliography. 4 Boundaries of analysis 4.1 General It is important that for all three levels of calculation it is defined whi
42、ch processes and elements are included and which not.2 ISO 2015 All rights reserved IWA 16:2015(E) 4.2 Processes included 4.2.1 On operation level Calculations on vehicle operational level shall include operation of all on-board vehicle systems including propulsion and ancillary services. 4.2.2 On n
43、etwork level Calculation on network level includes all segments within the commercial boundaries of one operator or logistics service provider. It covers all transport modes, all services and activities of the operators network. Calculation on network level also includes processes consisting of shor
44、t-term assistance to the vehicle for security or movement reasons, with other devices like tugboats for towing vessels in harbours, aircraft tractors for planes in airports, etc. 4.2.3 On cargo level Calculation on cargo level includes all transport elements and services from the commercial boundari
45、es of the shipper to the commercial boundaries of the next receiving unit which is performing substantial changes to the cargo and its elements. 4.2.4 Definition and use of transport chain elements Given the complexity of transport chains the notion of transport chain element (TCE) as a modular and
46、independent operation that brings the goods close to their final destination is introduced (see also COFRET D.3.113, there referenced as supply chain element). Figure 2 presents an example of a transport chain composed of TCEs. Not only transport operations are considered as TCEs, but terminal and w
47、arehousing operations are also treated as standalone TCEs. The resulting CO 2 e emissions at the product level are the sum of the emissions resulting from the TCEs that constitute the transport chain.Figure 2 Example of a transport chain split into transport chain elements ISO 2015 All rights reserv
48、ed 3 IWA 16:2015(E) The division of any transport chain into a number of sequential TCEs greatly simplifies the effort necessary to compute cargo-level emissions. Any transport chain can be decomposed on a limited number of TCEs, such that TCEs can be used and reused in any arbitrary situation, func
49、tioning as building blocks. The Logistics Node Elements (LNE), such as terminals and warehouses include processes of external handling or transhipment devices for the movement or transhipment of freight. Furthermore, handling operations that take place inside platforms, and which consist of loading and unloading of parcels or pallets of express delivery services and other transport services organized in networks, belong to this category of processes. 4.3 Processes included on all calculation levels 4.3.1 Energy operationa
