1、Information technology Learning, education and training Metadata for learning resources Part 11: Migration from LOM to MLR Technologies de linformation Apprentissage, ducation et formation Mtadonnes pour ressources dapprentissage Partie 11: Migration du LOM vers le MLR TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IEC TR 19
2、788-11 First edition 2017-04 Reference number ISO/IEC TR 19788-11:2017(E) ISO/IEC 2017 ii ISO/IEC 2017 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO/IEC 2017, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized ot
3、herwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright offi
4、ce Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org ISO/IEC TR 19788-11:2017(E) ISO/IEC TR 19788-11:2017(E)Foreword v Introduction vi 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Abbreviated
5、 terms 2 5 Naming resources in MLR 2 6 From Learning Object Metadata to MLR data elements (informative) 3 6.1 General category 3 6.1.1 LOM data element general . 3 6.1.2 LOM to MLR mapping example . 3 6.2 Lifecycle category . 7 6.2.1 LOM data element lifeCycle . 7 6.2.2 LOM to MLR mapping example .
6、7 6.3 Meta-metadata category 11 6.3.1 LOM data element metaMetadata .11 6.3.2 LOM to MLR mapping example 11 6.4 Technical category 15 6.4.1 LOM data element technical 15 6.4.2 LOM to MLR mapping example 15 6.5 Educational category 19 6.5.1 LOM data element educational .19 6.5.2 LOM to MLR mapping ex
7、ample 19 6.6 Rights category 23 6.6.1 LOM data element rights 23 6.6.2 LOM to MLR mapping example 23 6.7 Relation category .25 6.7.1 LOM data element relation .25 6.7.2 LOM to MLR mapping example 25 6.8 Annotation category 27 6.8.1 LOM data element annotation .27 6.8.2 LOM to MLR mapping example 28
8、6.9 Classification category .31 6.9.1 LOM data element classification .31 6.9.2 LOM to MLR mapping example 32 7 Consideration of LOM data element with list of values (informative) .33 7.1 Data elements: Trees vs. Graphs .33 7.2 Representing LOM ordered list of items (values or resources) in the MLR
9、34 7.3 Ordered LOM data element to MLR mapping example .35 7.3.1 LOM instance excerpt .35 7.3.2 MLR data elements (Turtle syntax) 37 8 MLR records and mutable MLR records (informative) 38 8.1 Encoding of MLR Records .38 8.2 Representation of MLR records and mutable MLR records 38 8.3 Examples of rep
10、resentations .39 8.3.1 Explicit use of property “has representation” .39 8.3.2 Web architecture and implicit use of property “has representation” .40 8.4 Resources denoted by HTTP IRIs and Web architecture .40 Annex A (informative) Globall y unique identifiers for r esour c es .41 Annex B (informati
11、ve) LOM instance examples .43 ISO/IEC 2017 All rights reserved iii Contents Page ISO/IEC TR 19788-11:2017(E)Annex C (informative) An MLR record for LOM instance “Example 3” .54 Annex D (informative) Representation of some LOM entities as structured literals 58 Bibliography .68 iv ISO/IEC 2017 All ri
12、ghts reserved ISO/IEC TR 19788-11:2017(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development
13、 of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, i
14、n liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives
15、, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the
16、elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarat
17、ions received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity ass
18、essment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. This document was prepared by ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC36, Information tec
19、hnology for learning, education and training. A list of parts in the ISO/IEC 19788 series can be found on the ISO website. ISO/IEC 2017 All rights reserved v ISO/IEC TR 19788-11:2017(E) Introduction The primary purpose of ISO/IEC 19788 series is to facilitate the description of a learning resource b
20、y providing a standards-based approach to the identification and specification of data elements required to describe a learning resource, and the search, discovery, acquisition, evaluation, and use of learning resources, for instance by learners, instructors or automated software processes. The prim
21、ary purpose of ISO/IEC 19788 series is to specify metadata elements and their attributes for the description of learning resources. This includes the rules governing the identification of data elements and the specification of their attributes. ISO/IEC 19788 provides data elements for the descriptio
22、n of learning resources and resources directly related to learning resources. ISO/IEC 19788 provides principles, rules and structures for the specification of the description of a learning resource; it identifies and specifies the attributes of a data element as well as the rules governing their use
23、. The key principles stated in ISO/IEC 19788-1 are informed by a user requirements- driven context with the aim of supporting multilingual and cultural adaptability requirements from a global perspective. ISO/IEC 19788-1 is information technology neutral and defines a set of common approaches, i.e.
24、methodologies and constructs, which apply to the development of the subsequent Parts of ISO/IEC 19788 The introduction to ISO/IEC 19788-1 (MLR Framework) states “ISO/IEC 19788 aims to specify data elements relating to learning resources to be expressed in a range of established formats, providing op
25、timal compatibility with IEEE 1484.12.1-2002 ”. This document aims at setting best practices for a (partial) migration path from the IEEE 1484.12.1- 2002 (LOM) to the ISO/IEC 19788 series. This document does not provide a MLR application profile, but rules and heuristics for a crosswalk from the LOM
26、 to MLR. As MLR provides many other features, including the use of resource classes as domain and codomain, organizations that want to develop their own MLR application profile should instead review all published Type 1 parts (specifying data elements) in order to fully benefit from all MLR particul
27、arities. The MLR approach can be used independently of any MLR application profile. This work is partly based on the LOM to MLR crosswalk tables appearing in ISO/IEC 19788 Type 1 parts (specifying data elements) that are already published or in preparation. As new parts of ISO/IEC 19788 are develope
28、d, this document will be updated to reflect the new data element specifications made available, such as a possible part “Data elements for Classifications”. This document illustrates how a significant number of aggregate and simple LOM data elements can be expressed in MLR. There are many difference
29、s between the ISO/IEC 19788 series and the IEEE 1484.12.1-2002 (LOM). Whereas the MLR approach is based on a flat data model based on resource classes and properties, the LOM uses a hierarchical data model (categories, aggregate and simple data elements). The MLR data elements corresponding to LOM a
30、ggregate or simple data elements are expressed using the MLR abstract syntax (see ISO/IEC 19788-1:2011, 7.1) and using the Turtle concrete syntax for the RDF representation of the MLR data elements as per ISO/IEC 19788-7 (Bindings). For this LOM to MLR crosswalk, for both the MLR abstract syntax and
31、 the Turtle concrete syntax, there is a need to associate a MLR literal value to some LOM aggregate data elements and to LOM Vocabulary datatype items. Those literals are constructed as (linguistic) structured MLR strings.vi ISO/IEC 2017 All rights reserved ISO/IEC TR 19788-11:2017(E) Some examples
32、are as follows. Related to the “1.1 Identifier” (with “1.1.1 Catalog” and “1.1.2 Entry” sub-elements), “3.1 Identifier” (with “3.1.1 Catalog” and “3.1.2 Entry” sub-elements) and “7.2.1 Identifier” (with “7.2.1.1 Catalog” and “7.2.1.2 Entry” sub-elements) aggregate LOM data elements one may use struc
33、tured MLR strings such as: (catalog: URI, entry: urn: isbn: 84 -7432 -834 -9) (catalog: ISBN-10, entry: 0-262-68093-9) Related to LOM Vocabulary datatype items, one may use structured MLR strings such as: (source: LOMv1.0, value: creator) (source: LOMFRv1.0, valeur: niveau de comptence) (source:http
34、 : / www. normetic. org/vdex/typeressourcev1_2. xml, value: scnario pdagogique) For LOM instance examples, see Annex B and Annex C. For a detailed presentation of structured MLR strings as used in this document, see Annex D. ISO/IEC 2017 All rights reserved vii Information technology Learning, educa
35、tion and training Metadata for learning resources Part 11: Migration from LOM to MLR 1 Scope This document provides guidance in the form of rules and heuristics for the development of a conversion script from an IEEE 1484.12.1-2002 (LOM) record to an MLR data element set. Not all of LOM can be mappe
36、d to the MLR. As more parts are added to the ISO/IEC 19788 series, future version of this document is expected to provide a better coverage of the LOM metadata. 2 Normative references There are no normative references in this document. 3 T erms a nd definiti ons ISO and IEC maintain terminological d
37、atabases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at http:/ /www.electropedia.org/ ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:/ /www.iso.org/obp For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 19788-1:2011, ISO/IEC 19788-1/
38、Amd 1:2014 and the following apply. 3.1 MLR dataset set of data elements Note 1 to entry: The data elements in an MLR dataset need not be related to a single learning resource. Note 2 to entry: Data elements is as defined in ISO/IEC 19788-1:2011, 3.11. 3.2 RDF datasetcollection of RDF graphs, and co
39、mprises exactly one default graph, being an RDF graph: the default graph does not have a name and may be empty, and zero or more named graphs: each named graph is a pair consisting of an IRI or a blank node (the graph name), and an RDF graph. Graph names are unique within an RDF dataset. SOURCE: Bib
40、liography 28 TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IEC TR 19788-11:2017(E) ISO/IEC 2017 All rights reserved 1 ISO/IEC TR 19788-11:2017(E) 3.3 content negotiationpractice of providing multiple representations available via the same URI Note 1 to entry: Which representation is served depends on negotiation between the
41、 requesting agent and the agent serving the representations. SOURCE: ISO/IEC 19788-8:2015, E.2.1 3.4 information resourceresource which has the property that all of its essential characteristics can be conveyed in a message EXAMPLE The information content of the book “Turtle, Termites, and Traffic J
42、ams” by Mitchel Resnick (ISBN 0-262-18162-2) is an information resource. However, the physical object “Turtle, Termites, and Traffic Jams” book owned by Gilles Gauthier is not an information resource. SOURCE: ISO/IEC 19788-8:2015, E.2.2 3.5 representationdata that encodes information about resource
43、state Note 1 to entry: A resource may have more than one representation: The information resource (3.4) “Turtle, Termites, and Traffic Jams” by Mitchel Resnick (ISBN 0-262-18162-2) could have textual representations plain text, html, epub, portable document format (pdf), Microsoft Word, Braille, etc
44、., representations in various languages (English, French, etc.), audio representations, etc. Note 2 to entry: Metadata such as character encoding (e.g. UTF-8, UTF-16, US-ASCII, ISO-8859-1) or content encoding (e.g. XML, HTML, JPEG video, JSON file) may be provided. Note 3 to entry: Data is as define
45、d in ISO/IEC 11179-1. SOURCE: ISO/IEC 19788-8:2015, E.2.4, modified 4 Abbreviated terms DES data element specification IRI internationalized resource identifier RC resource class MLR metadata for learning resource URI uniform resource identifier 5 Naming resources in MLR In the ISO/IEC 19788 series,
46、 all resources shall be denoted/named by IRIs. When a learning resource (or a related resource) under description is not denoted by an IRI, one needs to provide an IRI to name the learning resource or related resources. For more information about how one can provide such a globally unique identifier
47、, see Annex A.2 ISO/IEC 2017 All rights reserved ISO/IEC TR 19788-11:2017(E) 6 From Learning Object Metadata to MLR data elements (informative) 6.1 General category 6.1.1 LOM data element general LOM MLR C a n o n i c a l ide n t i f ie r ( s ) Property name(s) 1. General 1.1 Identifier ISO_IEC_1978
48、8-2:DES1000 identifier 1.1.1 Catalog 1.1.2 Entry 1.2 Title ISO_IEC_19788-2:DES0100 title 1.3 Language ISO_IEC_19788-2:DES1200 language 1.4 Description ISO_IEC_19788-2:DES0400 description 1.5 Keyword ISO_IEC_19788-2:DES0300 subject 1.6 Coverage ISO_IEC_19788-2:DES1400 coverage 1.7 Structure 1.8 Aggre
49、gation Level NOTE The use of italics indicates that the MLR data element has domain Learning Resource (ISO_IEC_19788-1:RC0002). 6.1.2 LOM to MLR mapping example 6.1.2.1 LOM instance excerpt The LOM instance under consideration is the LOM instance “Example 1” (see B.1). Excerpt from the LOM instance: ISO/IEC 2017 All rights reserved 3 ISO/IEC TR 19788-11:2017(E) In table form: LOM Data element value 1. General 1.1 Identifier 1.1.1 Catalog “I
