1、Information technology Future keyboards and other input devices and entry methods Technologies de linformation Claviers futurs, autres dispositifs dentre associs et mthodes dentre lies TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IEC TR 15440 Fourth edition 2016-02-01 Reference number ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E) ISO/IEC 2016
2、Corrected version 2016-04-15 ii ISO/IEC 2016 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO/IEC 2016, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechani
3、cal, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Swi
4、tzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E) ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E)Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 T erms and definitions . 1 3 Benefits and disad v antages of curr ent k e y boar ds and data entry de vic es on the mar k et .1 4
5、 Comfort of use and productivity considerations . 2 4.1 General comfort of use and productivity 2 4.2 Ergonomic keytop labelling for keyboards with a secondary group 3 5 K e y boar d classification including linear k e y boar ds, segment ed k e y boar ds, mono- handed k e y boar ds, k e y boar ds an
6、d input de vic es for disabled persons, specific k e y boar ds for gener al (fix ed and mobile t elephones) and/or specific applications (banking , health car e , tr ade , et c.), virtual k e y boar ds 4 6 Data entry methods for gr aphic char act er sets (including numerical or non- numerical use of
7、 numeric k e ypads, pen-based mo v ements, alphabetic data entry using t elephone k e ypads, alphabetic data entry using t elephone k e ypads) .4 7 Logical int erfac e with the c entr al unit , methods of r ec ognition of k e y s (including har d w ar e or softw ar e r ec ognized k e y s, use of sca
8、n c odes, self-identifying k e y s, softw ar e-hidden k e y s, et c.) 5 8 Principles of adaptation related especially to linguistic and cultural characteristics 6 8.1 Current situation and perspectives . 6 8.2 Labelling support for multilingual keyboards . 6 9 P ortability and int er changeability o
9、f k e y boar ds and r elat ed input de vic es dri v ers, ph y sical (plugs) and electrical c onnecti vity 8 10 Consistency of use between desktop and portable keyboards . 8 11 R elat ed input de vic es and especiall y pointing , dr agging and tr acing de vic es and fr ee hand-input de vic es: mouse
10、, tr ack ball, stick, jo y stick, pen, tablet , sty lus, lig ht pen, e y e-mo v ement-dri v en data entry , et c. . 9 12 C ontr ol of multimedia actions, mechanical functions (scr een r e v ersal, sound and click er v olume , et c.) and ne w additional functions (Int ernet int egr ation, t elephone
11、, tv -tuner , fax, et c.) 9 13 Test methods for evaluation and optimization . 9 14 F unction s ymbols, design and disposition of s ymbols on k e y s, c onsist ency betw een icons and symbols . 9 15 National keyboard layouts database 9 Anne x A (informative) Input methods .10 Bibliography .25 ISO/IEC
12、 2016 All rights reserved iii Contents Page ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC par
13、ticipate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmen
14、tal and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are describe
15、d in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the po
16、ssibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the
17、ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
18、 as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 35, User interfaces. This four
19、th edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO/IEC TR 15440:2005), which has been technically revised. This corrected version of ISO 15440:2016 incorporates the following corrections. Korean and Chinese characters used throughout Annex A have been replaced with the correct symbols.iv ISO/IEC
20、 2016 All rights reserved ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E) Introduction This Technical Report, supported by the history of information technology keyboards during the last three decades, lists current and anticipated problem areas as seen by users and tries to pave the way to foreseen work items in JTC 1 fo
21、r solving issues of the user interface with keyboards, other input devices and input methods. ISO/IEC 2016 All rights reserved v Information technology Future keyboards and other input devices and entry methods 1 Scope This Technical Report (TR) covers the following: different input requirements cat
22、ering for national and international practices and support of cultural and linguistic diversity; recognition of requirements regarding comfort of use (for any user, including children, elderly and disabled people) and improved user productivity related to inputting data; enhancements of keyboards an
23、d related input devices and methods required for new emerging phenomena such as Internet, multimedia, virtual reality; virtual input requirements; labelling issues (soft LCD and hard, permanent and temporary labels), function symbols and icons. This Technical Report does not cover implications of bi
24、ometric input (fingerprint-based, iris-pattern- based, face-shape-based, etc.) devices for access and security. This Technical Report is aimed at both the users and manufacturers and intends to present the user requirements regarding keyboards and associated devices and methods, at the time of publi
25、cation of this technical report. 2 T erms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions in ISO/IEC 9995-1 apply. 3 Benefits and disad v antages of curr ent k e y boar ds an d data entry de vic es on the market Most existing desktop and laptop keyboards on the market
26、are following ISO/IEC 9995-1 and ISO/IEC 9995-2. This helps for education and training. The situation on portable computers is less clear, as confusion very often exists between function and alphanumeric keys; some dedicated keys like the portable Fn key are either not “seen” by software or are used
27、 in different fashions between different manufacturers equipment. Different cursor and editing functions are interfering with character data entry. Because of the reduced size of the keyboard, row A in particular is really confusing, function keys varying locations from model to model and not being
28、really well-thought out (for example, the Insert key is sometimes placed immediately next to the Delete key, which is extremely error-prone for the user); blind or visually impaired persons have specific problems, particularly with portable computers: the variation in the placement of the different
29、keys due to the lack of strictly defined international standards for common functions. Because of this, no clues exist to help them finding the location of these functions. Even if the functions are not universal, a survey of the different functions should be made among the devices available on the
30、market and reserving a relative location to each one in an international standard would be desirable. Most keyboards misinterpret some parts of ISO/IEC 9995. For example, the decimal separator is not used as a function but rather as an alphanumeric key this creates problems in countries in which the
31、 decimal separator is multiple (this function should not depend from output representation); TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E) ISO/IEC 2016 All rights reserved 1 ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E) another case in point is the function terminology that is multiple and does not always respect ISO/IEC 99
32、95-7. New, much more programmable keyboard interfaces are now becoming available, such as programmed keyboards displayed on a touch screen or displayed on some surface and recognized via a camera. Standards for layouting such keyboards, including code assignment to each key, are now available in ISO
33、/IEC 24757 , but actual use is limited. Guidance on using such mechanisms should be produced. 4 Comfort of use and productivity considerations 4.1 Gener al c omfort of use and pr oducti vity No major improvement in the comfort of use has been done since 1995 except some innovative, albeit sometimes
34、very specific platform-oriented tools for multimedia and Internet usage working with very specific drivers. Standardisation of placement and functionality of common functions would appear to be possible as technology is stabilising. EXAMPLE Print Screen function could be selectable at the platform-l
35、evel as either an application- dependent function or as a “hard-wired” feature that prints the screen independently of the application running under a given operating system. Placement and functionality of functions such as Select Level 3 and Group Select remain to be fixed (American keyboards typic
36、ally do not have a Level 3 select function, for example, and Group Select, when available, is done in different fashions due to lack of guidance in the first edition of ISO/IEC 9995). One important drawback of current keyboards is that no software can be made “aware” of the actual geometric layout a
37、s it is seen by the user, nor of the actual engraving seen by the user; if standard (de-facto or de-jure, even OEM) keyboards were registered and assigned a worldwide-fixed number, then the keyboard could identify itself (i.e. the actual engraving and geometry) to the software on request and then th
38、e software could better display actual mapping to other character sets than those engraved on the keyboard in addition to these. This is of particular importance in a more and more global, multilingual environment. Such a scheme would not necessitate a change in the actual “scan-code” technology use
39、d today. The use of ISO/IEC 24757 allows negotiating information on actual engraving of the keyboard. Comfort of use is highly dependent of the actual work done by a specific user; reassigning keys allows improvement of user productivity; this is possible only if the software is aware of the actual
40、placement of keys of which it “sees” the “scan codes”; keyboards should ideally be designed according to human ergonomics and this is rarely the case. As an example, the common square keyboard is not ergonomically designed according to the function of normal hands/arms. Reassignment of actual “scan
41、codes” of the physical keyboard by software would be desirable (so far, such reassignment is very difficult at the keyboard-driver level if at all possible) for example, to allow the use of a 7-8-9 layout on a 1-2-3 numeric keypad. Currently, hard-wired “scan codes” can be interpreted differently by
42、 software but that advantage becomes, at the same time, a problem if all “keyboard-scan-code-aware” programs do not all use the same interpretation of these “scan codes”. Such a reassignment would greatly improve software compatibility while serving the end-user and innovative application needs. an
43、NP is desirable to standardise the minimum set of keyboard software-driven functions that should be made available by an operating system (and optionally, by an application), standardising placement of the involved function keys at the same time. Functionality could include email, web access, and tu
44、rning audio on and off.2 ISO/IEC 2016 All rights reserved ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E) ISO/IEC/TR 30109 has been approved to facilitate, among other things, a better match between the users needs for functionality including national characters and input methods and the available keyboard hardware, e.g.
45、at an Internet caf or a hotel in a foreign country. Function of the “Capitals Lock” /”Shift Lock” key. While ISO/IEC 9995-2 expresses that a key providing one of the functions Capitals lock (usually called “Caps Lock”), Level 2 lock (i.e. “Shift lock”), or Generalized lock (which is not specified fu
46、rther) needs to be present, the exact function of this key is not standardized in the ISO/IEC 9995 series. Common implementations show the inheritance from the mechanical typewriter, where such keys in fact were acting by mechanical engagement and mechanical release by pressing of either the lock ke
47、y again or the Shift key. As, unlike on mechanical typewriters, the actuation of the lock key provides no special tactile or audible feedback for the touch typist (like the spring force or the special sound of the engaging mechanism), it is likely to be recognized only after long sequences of subseq
48、uent keys have been entered and misinterpreted. A solution could be standardized which, in addition to avoid the effect of an inadvertent hitting of the lock key, has the advantage that the actuation has a unique function independent of any state (unlike a solution where the lock key switches betwee
49、n lock-on and lock-off, thus being dependent from the current lock state). This is the following: Shift + Lock (simultaneously pressed) switch to the state “Shift Lock”; “Level 3 Select” (i.e. AltGr) + Lock (simultaneously pressed) switch to the state “Caps Lock”; Lock pressed alone switches off any “Shift Lock” or “Caps Lock” state. Thus, any inadvertent pressing of the lock key, while neither “Shift Lock” nor “Caps Lock” is on, has no effect. The function of the “Num Lock” key can be standardiz
